ANA 109 (Salmeron + Platt)--University of Kentucky--Exam 1 (intro, cell)

Anatomy

science of BODY STRUCTURES and their relationships

Physiology

science of BODY FUNCTION

Anatomy covers just the _______, while physiology covers the function of the _______.

muscle

Whats in a muscle?

tendon, fascicles, muscle fibers

What's in muscle fibers?

proteins

Does anatomy cover sliding filaments?

no, physiology does

What are the levels of structural organization?

atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

What are the major organs of the body?

Brain, lungs, liver, gallbladder, large intestine, bladder, small intestine, stomach, heart, kidneys, ovaries/testicles, glands, pancreas, spleen

How many major organs are in the body?

14

What are the organ systems examined in ANA 109?

Tegmentary system, skeletal system, muscular system, nervous system, endocrine system

T/F. Two humans can be exactly alike

False. No two humans are exactly alike

____% of humans have most common structure

70

___% of humans are anatomically variant

30

Reference man

22 years old, 154 lbs, light physical activity, consumes 2800 kcal/day

Reference woman

Same as man except 128 lb and 2,000 kcal/day

What are the characteristics of life?

metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction

Metabolism

all chemical processes of the body

Catabolism

breaking down complex chemicals (digestion)

Anabolism

building complex chemicals from smaller units

Responsiveness

detect and respond to internal or external changes

Movement

whole body or structures within body

Growth

increase in body size

Differentiation

unspecialized cells (stem cells) become specialized in structure and function

Unspecialized cells are also called

stem cells

Stem cells are

capable of giving rise to indefinitely more cells of the same type

Reproduction

production of new cells

What are the 5 environmental factors required to sustain life?

Water, food, oxygen, heat, and pressure

Water

- most abundant substance in the body

- required for metabolic processes

- required for transport of substances

- regulates body temperature

Food

- provides necessary nutrients

- supplies energy

Oxygen (gas)

- one-fifth of air

- used to release energy from nutrients

Heat

- form of energy

- controls rate of metabolic reactions

Pressure

- application of force on an object

- atmospheric pressure which is important for breathing

- hydrostatic pressure which keeps the blood flowing

Homeostasis

the ability or tendency of an organism (or cell) to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting is physiological processes

Loss of homeostatic control causes

illness or death

Feedback systems

help maintain homeostasis

What are the two feedback systems?

positive and negative

Positive feedback system

strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body's controlled conditions

Negative feedback system

the body's physiolopgical states fluctuate (dynamic equilibrium) within a limited range around a set point

How does the body communicate homeostatic changes?

Receptor (monitor), control center (evaluate), effectors (adjust)

Receptor (monitor)

mechanoreceptors

Control center (evaluate)

brain

Effectors (adjust)

glands or organs

This year is all about

homeostasis

The negative feedback keeps variable where?

close to the set point

What's the most common type of feedback loop?

negative feedback

Vasodilation

widening of blood vessels (too warm)

Heat-losing mechanism

sweating

Vasconstriction

narrowing of blood vessels (too cold)

Heat-gaining mechanism

shivering

examples of positive feedback

blood clotting or child birth

What are the body cavities?

dorsal and ventral

Dorsal body cavity contains what?

cranial cavity (brain) and vertebral cavity (spinal cord)

Ventral body cavity contains what?

thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

Thoracic cavity

Pleural cavity (lungs) and pericardial cavity (heart)

abdominopelvic cavity

contains the abdominal and pelvic cavities

Abdominal cavity

contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and large intestine

Pelvic cavity

contains urinary bladder, inferior part of large intestine and reproductive organs

What are the body cavities lined with?

serous membrane

serous membrane

a smooth membrane consisting of a thin layer of cells which secrete serous fluid

What are serous membranes?

vsceral layer (covers an organ) and parietal layer (lines a cavity/body wall)

What are the 4 abdominal quadrants?

right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant

right upper quadrant

parts of your liver, right kidney, gallbladder, pancreas, and large and small intestine.

left upper quadrant

left kidney, left adrenal gland, and colon

right lower quadrant

large intestine, small intestine, part of colon, and the right ovary in women

left lower quadrant

left portion of liver, part of the stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, and portions of small intestine

What are the 9 abdominopelvic regions?

1.Right hypochondriac 2. epigastric 3. left hypochondriac 4. right lumbar 5. umbilical 6. left lumbar 7. right inguinal (iliac) 8. hypogastric (pubic) 9. left inguinal (iliac)

What is a concentration gradient?

having a high number of molecules of a chemical in one area, and a low number of that same molecule in another area

Do molecules like to be crowded?

No, they want to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Ion

an inorganic atom with a positive or negative charge

What key ions do we discuss?

Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Cl-

What does polar mean?

unequal distribution of charge

What does non-polar mean?

equal distribution of charge

What does it mean if a cell membrane is polarized?

moving and storing different types of electrically-charged molecules on different sides of its membrane

Semi-permeable

some things can move through

permeable

pass through easily

What is pH?

the log10 of the hydrogen ion concentration

More hydrogen ions means

more acidic

less hydrogen ions means

more basic

Buffer systems

help to regulate pH by converting strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases

What are macromolecules?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

Carbohydrates

also called sugars, provide most of the energy needed for life

Common Carbohydrates

glucose and fructose

Disaccharide

double carbohydrate

- like glucose and fructose making sucrose, a.k.a table sugar

Polysaccharides

glyogen

Glycogen

Storage form for glucose

Glycogen is housed where?

in the liver

Lipids

also known as fats, are essential components of cell membranes, signaling molecules, insulators and energy sources

What are fatty acids?

saturated and unsaturated fats

Phospholopids

lipids with a phosphate region

What is the structure of a phospholipid?

made up of 2 hydrophobic tails for each hydrophilic head

hydrophillic head

water loving (polar)

hydrophobic tails

water fearing (non polar)

Proteins

give structure to the body, regulate processes, provide protection, assist in muscle contraction, transport substances, etc.

Proteins are only happy in the body within homeostatic _________ and _____________

temperature and pH range

All enzymes are

proteins, but not all proteins are enzymes

Amino acids

building blocks of proteins

How many amino acids are there?

20

How do we string amino acids together to make protein?

peptide bonds

Enzymes

a protein that serves as a biological catalyst in a living cell. The make things happen

Enzymes are

highly specific, extremely efficient, subject to cellular controls