11/2 - Urinary Diseases

Hematuria

Urethral rents, pyelonephritis, and idiopathic in Arabian horses are all possible causes of what urine condition in horses?

Hypercreatinemia

Foals born to mares with placentitis can contract what urine condition?

Alkaline

Is equine urine more acidic or alkaline? It is cloudy and viscous, with mucus and calcium carbonate crystals.

2

Urinalysis should be done on urine samples within how many hours of collection?

Cytoscopy

What diagnostic technique can be done under heavy sedation and after cleaning the penis/vulva and emptying the bladder, in order to evaluate the bladder and urethra?

Urolithiasis

What urinary condition is most common in mares, geldings, and stallions? Signs include colic, urination/straining, hematuria, and stretching out. Diagnosis is with rectal exam, ultrasound, and cystoscopy. Treatment is with muscle relaxant, laser lithotripsy, and surgery. Calcium carbonate crystals are most common. Removing alfalfa and acidifying urine can help prevent this.

Acute

Will acute or chronic renal failure be indicated in a case with azotemia, isosthenuria, hypochloremia, and hyponatremia? It can be hemodynamic or nephrotoxic.

Hemodynamic

Which cause of acute renal failure occurs due to anything that disrupts renal blood flow, or systemic inflammation?

Nephrotoxic

Which cause of acute renal failure occurs due to NSAIDs, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, myoglobin, hemoglobin, heavy metals, red maple, and oxalate plants?

2

Fluid therapy for ARF/AKI therapy in horses should be done at a minimum of how many times the maintenance rate? Diuretics can be given if urine is not being produced.

Chronic

Which type of kidney failure (acute or chronic) is rare in horses and presents with weight loss, anorexia, rough hair coat, ulcers, tartar, and halitosis? Kidneys will be firm and small on rectal, and the electrolytes are the opposite of that in the other type. Calcium is increased, Na/Cl/P are decreased, and the BUN:Cr ratio is over 10:1. Protein is decreased and they can be anemic. Prognosis is typically grave, and Cr over 10mg/dL means there are likely only a few weeks left.

Sabulous

What type of cystitis is common in middle-aged geldings and presents with dribbling of urine and contact dermatitis? Rectal exam shows a large distended bladder and ultrasound shows hyperechoic material. Treatment is with regular flushing of the bladder and antibiotics. Prognosis of complete recovery is rare.

Bean

A urethral what refers to an accumulation of smegma that form in the horse’s urethral fossa, and grow large enough to interfere with urination and movement? Treatment is with sheath cleaning and checking the urethral fossa.