Natural Science and Technology: Magnetism, Mechanisms, Emergencies, Nutrition, and Protective Textiles

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering magnetism, mechanical systems (levers, pulleys, cranks, cranes), civil reinforcement, refugee assistance and nutrition, and protective emergency textiles.

Staafmagneet (Bar Magnet)

A rectangular magnet with a north pole at one end and a south pole at the opposite end, meaning its magnetic poles are positioned far apart from each other.

Hoefmagneet (Horseshoe Magnet)

A magnet bent into the shape of a horse's hoof, which brings the north and south poles closer together than they would be on a bar magnet.

Magnetic Pole Interaction Law

Like poles repel each other (north repels north; south repels south), whereas opposite poles attract each other (north attracts south).

Earth's Magnetic North Pole

The geographic direction toward which the north-seeking pole of a freely suspended magnet naturally points.

Klas 1 Hefboom (Class 1 Lever)

A lever system arranged in the order of Load-Fulcrum-Effort (L-A-M / Las-Steunpunt-Mag), exemplified by a crane boom (hyskraanbalk).

Klas 2 Hefboom (Class 2 Lever)

A lever system arranged in the order of Fulcrum-Load-Effort (A-L-M / Steunpunt-Las-Mag).

Klas 3 Hefboom (Class 3 Lever)

A lever system arranged in the order of Fulcrum-Effort-Load (A-M-L / Steunpunt-Mag-Las).

Kruk (Crank)

An adaptation of a class 2 lever consisting of an arm attached to a pivot axle; it can convert rotary motion to reciprocating motion (and vice versa) and execute rotating, linear, and reciprocating motions.

Katrol (Pulley)

An adaptation of a wheel and axle that changes the direction in which a pulling rope moves; when pulling downward, a person can use their body weight to assist lifting, though a single fixed pulley provides no mechanical advantage.

Katrolstelsel (Pulley System / Takelstel)

A combination of two or more pulleys connected with a single rope—such as one fixed to a ceiling and one suspended—that produces a mechanical advantage to lift loads more easily.

Meganiese Voordeel (Mechanical Advantage)

The reduction in input force achieved by a mechanism, allowing a heavy load to be moved or lifted more easily.

Versterkingstegnieke (Structural Reinforcement Techniques)

Methods used to strengthen structures, including triangulation, stay cables, wide bases, concrete foundations, cross-bracing (oorkruisverspanning), pipework/struts, folding, and gusset plates (hoekplate).

Oorhoofse Hyskraan (Overhead Crane)

A crane used inside workshops where cables are steered by a central control unit to move loads in any desired direction.

Mobiele Hyskraan (Mobile Crane)

A crane mounted on a truck consisting of two combined parts: a mobile lower carrier and an upper hoisting section that swivels around to move loads.

Toringhyskraan (Tower Crane / Fixed Crane)

A fixed, stationary crane used on construction sites and by ships to hoist and transfer heavy loads from great heights.

Vlugteling (Refugee)

A person forced to flee their home due to a war, natural disaster, or emergency situation, sometimes traveling far or into a foreign country.

Vlugtelingkamp (Refugee Camp)

A planned site consisting of temporary shelters or tents where displaced persons receive basic necessities like food, clean water, and shelter.

Gasheer and Gasheerland (Host and Host Country)

A host (gasheer) is a person who provides food, water, and shelter to another person; a host country (gasheerland) is a nation that accommodates and assists refugees from another country.

Noodlenigingsorganisasies (Emergency Relief Organizations)

Humanitarian organizations that assist refugees and set up emergency camps, specifically named as Gift of the Givers, Rooikruis (Red Cross), Dokters sonder grense (Doctors Without Borders), and die Verenigde Nasies (United Nations).

Migreer (Migrate)

To move permanently or temporarily from one place or country to another.

Inheems (Indigenous)

People or materials that have their original roots and origin within a specific country or region.

Immigrant

A person who settles and makes a home in a new country.

Koepelvormige Hut (Dome-Shaped Hut)

A traditional dwelling constructed by weaving thin green tree branches through upright poles and covering the frame with two insulating layers of thatch and woven grass mats.

Asbes (Asbestos)

A hazardous construction material that is heat- and fire-resistant, but releases fine microscopic fibers that irritate the lungs and cause severe lung disease and cancer.

Gebalanseerde Maaltyd (Balanced Meal)

A nutritious meal containing the correct combination of all essential food groups needed to keep the body healthy.

Koolhidrate (Carbohydrates)

A food group that supplies energy to the body, found primarily in starchy foods such as potatoes, maize meal (mieliemeel), rice, and bread.

Proteïene (Proteins)

A food group that builds muscle and gives strength; found in meat, chicken, fish, eggs, beans, cheese, milk, and other dairy products.

Vette en Olies (Fats and Oils)

A nutrient group that supplies energy, cushions internal organs, and helps fight illness; includes butter, margarine, cheese, sunflower oil, and canola oil.

Vitamiene en Minerale (Vitamins and Minerals)

Essential nutrients found in fresh fruits and vegetables that support good health, strong bones and teeth, optimal brain function, and disease prevention (e.g., Vitamin C fighting colds and flu).

Reinigers (Body Cleansers: Fiber and Water)

Nutritional components that clean and flush toxic waste products out of the body, found abundantly in fibrous fruits and fruits with peels.

Toerusting vir Persoonlike Beskerming (TPB / PPE)

Specialized gear—such as clothing, footwear, and helmets—engineered to shield emergency rescue personnel from environmental hazards while performing duties.

Nooddienste (Emergency Services)

Specialized frontline response units comprising fire services (brandweerdienste), police (polisie), ambulance services (ambulansdienste), and sea rescue services (see-reddingsdienste / NSRI).

Tekstiele (Textiles)

Woven or knitted materials treated with chemical formulations to grant specific properties such as water resistance or fire retardancy.

Sinteties (Synthetic)

An artificial, man-made material manufactured inside a factory rather than occurring naturally like cotton or wool.

Kevlar

A synthetic textile that is stronger and lighter than steel with durable, unbreakable fibers; it is water-resistant and used in fire-protective outer coats and police bulletproof vests.

Nomex

A flame- and chemical-resistant textile that does not melt at temperatures up to $370^\circ\text{C}$; used in firefighters' thermal mid-layers, protective hoods, and gloves.

Rubber

A strong, waterproof, elastic substance made from rubber tree sap or synthesized from petroleum by-products; used for tyres, sea rescue jackets, and non-slip boots.

Nylon

A lightweight, strong, synthetic, relatively water-resistant fabric that can be made further waterproof by rubbing it with wax.

Teflon

A non-stick, water-repelling material utilized as a waterproofing agent on protective gear.

Polivinielchloried (PVC)

A versatile plastic waterproofing material used to produce protective waterproof coats and boots for emergency personnel.

Neopreen (Neoprene)

A flexible, windproof, waterproof synthetic rubber used in wetsuits that traps a thin layer of body-warmed water against the skin to insulate divers and sea rescuers.

Brandbestrydingstoerusting (Firefighting Suit Architecture)

Protective attire composed of three distinct layers: an outer flame-resistant Kevlar shell, a Nomex middle thermal barrier, and an inner moisture barrier to keep the wearer dry, lined with reflective tape.

Wellingtons (Rubber Rescue Boots)

Thick waterproof rubber boots with grooved slip-resistant soles designed to keep sea rescuers' feet dry and prevent falling on wet boat decks.