Medication admin and Dx Sampling

main routes of med admin in large animals

• oral

• IV

• IM

• SQ

• ID

• Intramamary

where do you place the dose syringe

through the diastema

what are balling guns used for

solid tablets or boluses

• more in cattle

purpose of orogastric intubation

medications and oral fluids, transfusion of rumen contents, enteral feeding and stomach lavage

landmarks for an OG tube

mouth to the last rib

what is a frick speculum

metal tube to prevent biting of the tube

how to ensure the OG tube is in the rumen

• blow on end of tube and listen for gas crackles

• negative pressure

• smell of rumen

where to measure for a nasogastric (NG) tube

nostril to point of stomach/rumen

where does the NG tube enter

ventral meatus and nasopharynx → esophagus

confirming proper placement of the NG tube

• visualize and feel tube in esophagus

• should smell rumen

• negative pressure

complications of NG tubes

• nose bleeds

• aspiration

• colic

• bloat

• respiratory problems

what do NG tubes help relieve

gastric distention → gastric lavage

which sites can you use for horse IV admin

• cranial right jugular

• lateral thoracic

• cephalic

• saphenous

why do we use the RIGHT cranial jugular vein in horses

bc of the muscle layer (omohyoideus muscle) and the carotid

• as you move up the neck the artery and vein separate and the muscle becomes thicker

how to properly do IV admin

start with needle first; look for dripping of darker flowing blood (less O2) vs bright pulsing blood, and then attach the syringe, aspirate and administer medication

which veins are used for IVC

• jugular vein

• cephalic

• lateral thoracic vein

which drugs can cause tissue necrosis if gone perivascular

Phenylbutazone, Xylazine and acepromazine

which sites are used for IV admin in cattle

• jugular (most feasible)

• coccygeal vein

• auricular vein

• cephalic vein

when is the coccygeal vein used for IV admin

for small volumes of non-irritating medication

when is the auricular vein used for IV admin

for very small amounts

where can IVC be placed in cattle

• jugular vein

• cephalic vein

what extra step do we need to take for IVC in cattle jugular veins

cutdown with a #15 blade bc of thick skin → allows easier insertion of catheter

which sites are used for IV admin in camelids

jugular vein

• either very high or very low on the neck

• also have thick skin

which vein is hard to maintain for an IVC in camelids

cephalic bc of “kushing”

which sites are used for IV admin in ovine and caprine

jugular vein

where can you place an IVC admin in ovine and caprine

• jugular vein

• cephalic vein

which sites are used for IV admin in porcine

• auricular veins

• cephalic vein

• jugular (piglets)

where can you place an IVC in porcine

ear vein

how much volume can you give for an IM site

5-15ml

what does needle selection depend on

• viscosity of drug

• size of muscle

• volume of drug

IM sites in horses

• lateral cervical (not for foals)

  • only small volumes

• ST/SM

• pectoral

• glutes

where is the lateral cervical muscle in a horse

triangular space bordered dorsally by the nuchal ligament, ventrally by cervical vertebrea and caudally one hand in front of scapula

which muscle is the best for large volumes

gluteal

IM sites in cattle

if necessary use neck muscles

• highly discouraged to avoid muscle damage

• no more than 10ml

IM sites in ovine and caprine

• only neck muscles in meat animals

• glutes and triceps for very small volumes

IM sites in porcine

cervical neck muscles → caudal and ventral to the ear

• gluteals, s/m and s/t can be used but NOT in meath animals

IM sites in camelids

s/m and s/t are best choice

• SQ preferred for large volumes

• neck should not be used

what is SQ used to admin

• Vx

• local anesthetics

• small volumes

• fluids

SQ sites in equine

base of neck

SQ sites in bovine

neck, behind elbow

SQ sites in camelids

caudal to elbow

SQ sites in goats (caprine)

axillary region, behind elbow, flank fold

SQ sites in sheep (ovine)

axillary region, inguinal area, flank fold

SQ sites in porcine

axillary region, inguinal region, caudal to base of ear

what is intradermal (ID) testing for

allergy testing

• between the dermis and epidermis → very slow absorption

• a bleb will appear if proper injection

what is intramamary admin used for

Tx of mastitis; infuse antibiotics

how to properly inject teats

1. cleaned and dried

2. wipe with alcohol sponge and air dry

3. clean the teats on far side before near side to prevent transmission

4. near teats are infused first, then far ones

5. after injection, teat dip is reapplied and left to dry

blood collection sites in horses

• jugular

• cephalic or saphenous

• lateral thoracic vein

• coccygeal vein

blood collection sites in pigs

• jugular

• auricular (<5ml)

• tail vein(<5ml)

• orbital sinus (small volumes)

• cranial vena cava (high risk)

blood collection sites in cattle

• jugular

• coccygeal vein

• milk vein (caution, only emergencies)

blood collection sites in sheeps and goats

• jugular

• cephalic

• femoral

• ear

blood collection sites in camelid

• jugular

• saphenous and cephalic

• auricular

• coccygeal

purpose of arterial blood gas sampling

assess blood gases and oxygenation

• PaCO2, PaO2

• pH

• HCO3-

• total CO2

• base excess

metabolic acidosis

decreased pH and decreased HCO3-

respiratory acidosis

decreased pH and increased pCO2

metabolic alkalosis

increased pH and increased HCO3-

respiratory alkalosis

increased pH and decreased pCO2

equipment for an arterial sample

• small gauge needle bc of high pressure in arteries

• Blood gas syringe (heparinized); because EDTA interferes with the gases

• Disinfecting scrub and solution

• Gauze or cotton

• Clippers

• Thermometer

artery collection sites in horses, ruminants, pigs and camelids

Horses - facial or transverse facial artery, carotid artery, and dorsal metatarsal artery (foals)

Ruminants - transverse facial, carotid, dorsal metatarsal artery and median auricular artery

Pigs and camelids - median auricular artery

purpose of fecal samples

parasite evaluation, bacterial cultures and PCR for viruses

how to collect a fecal sample

right from rectum

urine tests

1. urinalysis

2. culture and sensitivity

3. drug residues

why is cystocentesis not possible

inable to stabilize the bladder

what drugs to urine tests detect

Chlorphenamine, esmolol, flurazepam, pentoxifyline, and trenbolone

why is a urinary catheter not possible in bulls, rams, bucks, boars, and male llamas

they have a sigmoid flexure (curve) in urethral path; cant get catheter through

• male camelids have something like a urethral epiglottis

clinical mastitis cow

sick and abnormal milk

subclinical mastitis signs

visually normal but elevated SCC

ways to sample milk

1. strip cup

2. CMT

3. culture tube

what does the strip cup test for

gross evaluation → colour, clumps, clots, flakes

• only detects clinical mastitis

what do milk culture tubes evaluate

milk quality and colustrum

indication for CSF sample

• Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis

• Listeriosis

• Neonatal meningitis

collection spots for CSF

1. Atlanto-occipital cisterna

2. Atlanto-axial 

3. Lumbosacral

what can nasal swabs identify

bacteria from respiratory disease

what monitoring program are pigs part of

atrophic rhinitis

purpose of necropsy

• determine cause of death from organ and tissue samples

• diagnose disease outbreaks in herds

types of tissue samples

• fixed (histopathology)

• fresh/frozen