AP Human Geography - Modules 1 to 3 Review

Practice flashcards covering key geographical concepts, population dynamics, demographic and epidemiologic transitions, and migration patterns.

How is a "place" defined in geography?

A specific point on Earth distinguished by particular characteristics.

What is the geographic definition of a "region"?

An area of Earth distinguished by a particular characteristic.

What does "scale" refer to in geography?

The relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole.

What is the definition of "space"?

The physical gap or interval between two objects.

What is the difference between a Geographic Information System (GIS) and a Global Positioning System (GPS)?

A GIS captures, stores, queries, and displays geographic data, whereas a GPS is a system that determines the precise position of something on Earth.

What is geotagging?

The identification and storage of a piece of information by its precise latitude and longitude coordinates.

How many degrees of longitude are assigned to each time zone, and how many time zones exist in total?

There are $15^\natural$ degrees assigned for each time zone, resulting in $24$ total time zones.

What is the Prime Meridian, and what location does it run through?

The meridian located at $0^\natural$ longitude, which runs through Greenwich.

Which line of longitude does the International Date Line mostly follow?

An arc that, for the most part, follows $180^\natural$ longitude.

What is a toponym, and which agency serves as the final arbiter for names on U.S. maps?

A toponym is a name given to a place on Earth, and the U.S. Geological Survey is the final arbiter for names on U.S. maps.

How do "site" and "situation" differ in describing a location?

Site refers to the physical characteristics of a place (such as topography or elevation), while situation refers to the location of a place relative to other places.

What are the three types of regions recognized by geographers?

Formal region (uniform region), functional region (organized around a node or focal point), and vernacular region (perceptual region).

What is spatial association?

A condition that occurs if the distribution of one feature is related to the distribution of another feature.

What is the difference between arithmetic density, physiological density, and agricultural density?

Arithmetic density is the total number of people divided by the total land area; physiological density is the number of people supported by a unit area of arable land; agricultural density is the ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land.

What is the ecumene?

The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

How are Crude Birth Rate (CBR) and Crude Death Rate (CDR) measured?

CBR is the total number of live births in a year for every $1{,}000$ people alive, while CDR is the total number of deaths in a year for every $1{,}000$ people alive.

What are the population growth characteristics of Stage 2 of the Demographic Transition, and what country is provided as an example?

High CBR, rapidly declining CDR, and very high NIR; Benin is the example.

What are the population growth characteristics of Stage 4 of the Demographic Transition, and what country is provided as an example?

Very low CBR and CDR, with a $0$ or negative NIR; the UK is the example.

What is the potential support ratio (elderly support ratio), and what is it projected to be in 2050?

The number of working-age people divided by the number of people aged $65+$, projected to be only $4$ working-age people available to support each elderly person in $2050$.

How is the maternal mortality rate calculated?

The annual number of female deaths per $100{,}000$ live births from any cause related to pregnancy and its management.

Which country possesses the highest number of hospital beds and physicians?

Russia.

What causes of death characterize Stage 1 and Stage 2 of the Epidemiologic Transition?

Stage 1 (Pestilence and Famine) is caused by infectious and parasitic diseases (e.g., Black Plague); Stage 2 (Receding Pandemic) features receding pandemics, such as cholera contracted from contaminated water.

What causes of death characterize Stage 3 of the Epidemiologic Transition?

Degenerative diseases, which include a decrease in deaths from infectious diseases and an increase in chronic disorders due to aging (mainly cardiovascular diseases and cancer).

What characteristics define a possible Stage 5 of the Demographic Transition, and which countries will reach it first?

Very low CBR, increasing CDR, negative NIR, and fewer mothers aging into childbearing years; Japan and several European Union countries will be the first to reach it.

What does Thomas Malthus's theory argue regarding population growth and food production?

Population grows geometrically while food supply increases arithmetically, causing population to grow faster than the food supply.

What are E.G. Ravenstein's laws regarding migration distance?

Most migrants relocate short distances and remain within the same country, whereas long-distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity.

What is counter-urbanization?

Net migration from urban to rural areas, typically prompted by lifestyle choices.

What is a remittance?

The transfer of money by workers to people in the country from which they emigrated (such as to India).

Which 1830 legislation resulted in the forced migration of Native Americans?

The Indian Removal Act of $1830$.

What distinguishes an internally displaced person (IDP) from a refugee?

Both are forced to migrate for similar political reasons due to conflict, but an IDP has not migrated across an international border.

How many permanent immigration visas does the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) allow the United States to grant each year?

Up to $675{,}000$ permanent immigration visas each year.

What is "brain drain"?

Large-scale emigration by talented people.

What is circular migration in the context of European guest workers?

The phenomenon where immigrants who arrive under temporary guest worker programs end up remaining permanently in the European Union.