Random infections

How is Leishmaniasis transmitted?

Leishmaniasis is an infection caused by a parasite (protozoan Leishmania) that spreads to humans by a bite from an infected phlebotomine sandfly

Leptospirosis

The bacteria are spread to people through direct contact with tissue or body fluids from an infected animal or through contact with freshwater (or wet soil) contaminated with infected animal urine. Activities such as kayaking, outdoor swimming, fishing or working with animals or animal parts

Causes of febrile jaundice

Most common cause is viral hepatitis, then malaria. less commonly - leptospirosis, typhoid, typhus. Dengue rarely causes febrile jaundice

Trypanosomiasis found in Africa

Also known as sleeping sickness. Advise travellers to wear neutral coloured clothing. Transmitted by day-biting tsetse flies (glossina species). Travellers to the Serengeti are at particular risk. bites mainly during the day

Trypanosomiasis in latin america

Also known as Chagas disease. Chagas disease is caused by infection with the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Transmission - The main way is transmission by the triatomine insect. T.cruzi can also be transmitted from a pregnant woman to her baby, via blood transfusion, organ transplantation and consumption of uncooked food which is contaminated with faeces from infected bugs. Bug bites in dark shady places and mainly at night

Chikungunya vector

Chikungunya is a viral infection caused by the chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and is spread by infected, daytime biting Aedes spp. mosquitoes

Dengue vector

Dengue fever is caused by the dengue virus (DENV) is spread by daytime biting Aedes spp. mosquitoes. Mostly in urban areas

Lyme disease vector (Borreliosis)

bacterial infection, usually caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, which spreads to humans by a bite from an infected Ixodes tick. In most cases, a tick must be attached for more than 24 hours before Lyme bacteria can be transmitted

African tick bite fever vector

Rickettsia africae, spread by tick

Rickettsial pathogens how transmitted?

are transmitted by arthropods such as fleas, lice, mites, and ticks. Most rickettsial pathogens are transmitted by bites from these ectoparasites. For some rickesttsial pathogens, transmission can occur by direct inoculation of infectious fluids or feces from the ectoparasites into bite site(s), abraded skin, or the conjunctiva

Tularaemia vector

bacterial disease, caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis. Humans can be infected with this bacteria in several different ways, including tick and deer fly bites, usually in rural areas

West Nile virus vector

viral illness of humans, horses and birds spread by Culex spp. mosquitoes

Yellow fever vector

viral infection which is spread via the bite from an infected Aedes spp., Haemogogus spp. or Sabethes spp. mosquito.

Zika virus vector

Like DENV and CHIKV, it is spread by Aedes spp. mosquitoes. Viral infection

when to Aedes species mosquitoes usually bite?

Aedes spp. mosquitoes usually bite during daylight hours.

when do anopheles spp. moisquitoes usually bite?

Anopheles spp. mosquitoes usually bite during the evening and night.

When do sandflies bite?

Sand flies bite at dusk and after dark but will bite during the day if disturbed.

When do triatomine bugs bite?

Triatomine bugs are large bloodsucking insects found in rural and suburban areas, They rest during the day in dark crevices, particularly in unplastered cracked walls of mud/mud-brick houses, chicken coops, palm-thatched roofs or cracks in floors. They feed at night

Loa loa (African eye worm) vector

The vector for Loa loa filariasis are flies from two species of the genus Chrysops, C. silacea and C. dimidiata. During a blood meal, an infected fly (genus Chrysops, day-biting flies) introduces third-stage filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound

Onchocerciasis (river blindness) vector

It is caused by the parasite Onchocerca volvulus, a microscopic worm. It is found mostly in Africa and spread by blackfly bites

Schistosomiasis - vector

Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia, is both an acute and chronic parasitic disease caused by infection with blood flukes (trematode worms). Aquatic snails important. infection occurs by direct contact with contaminated water. most common in sub-Saharan Africa, where up to one-third of school children may

be affected. Schistosomiasis can also be acquired from the waters of the Mekong Delta. It rarely, if ever, occurs in the Amazonia and not at all in India.

Carrion’s disease Bartonella bacilliformis vector

transmitted to humans through the bite of the phlebotomine sand fly, Lutzomyia verrucarum. Also known as Oroya Fever and Verruga Peruana

What diseases need to be submitted to WHO ?

• smallpox

• poliomyelitis due to wild type poliovirus

• human influenza caused by a new subtype, and

• severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).

• cholera

• pneumonic plague

• yellow fever

• viral haemorrhagic fevers (Ebola, Lassa, Marburg)

• West Nile fever

• other diseases of special national or regional concern, such as dengue fever, Rift Valley fever and meningococcal disease

schistosomiasis (also known as bilharzia) type different countries

Schistosoma mansoni occurs in Africa, the Middle East, the Caribbean, Brazil, Venezuela and Suriname. Schistosoma haematobium occurs in Africa, the Middle East and the island of Corsica (France). Schistosoma japonicum occurs in China, Indonesia, and the Philippines

Places with biggest risk of schistosomiasis

Travel to Malawi, with the likelihood of swimming in Lake Malawi [5-8] and contact with the River Nile. River rafting trips also have a big risk. Risk of exposure is higher in still to moderately flowing water where the snail hosts tend to be found and increases exponentially with length of time in contact with water containing cercariae [21]. Brief contact with fast-flowing water is considered to be less of a risk. Chlorination kills it

which schistosomiasis is most common world wise

S. Mansoni

Where is s. mekongi found

Mekong River delta (southwestern Vietname)

leading cause of death from infectious

disease in developing countries in all age groups?

Acute resp. infections

True or False - Moisquitos can transmit HIV

False

Most common type of moisquito that causes Malaria in Africa

An. gambiae is the major malaria-carrying mosquito in Africa.

Which type of moisquitos transmit YF in Africa

Aedes genus are vectors of Yellow Fever in Africa

Which type of moisquitos transmit YF in South America

Aedes, Haemagogus and Sabethes are vectors of Yellow Fever in South and Central America.

How to safely remove a tick?

Do it as soon as possible - do not wait for a HCP. Grasp the tick as close to the skin's surface as possible using clean fine-tipped tweezers. Pull tick away from the skin with steady, even pressure. Don't twist or jerk the tick.After removing the tick, thoroughly clean the bite area and your hands with soap and water, rubbing alcohol, or hand sanitizer. If there are mouthparts left in your skin, leave them be. Risk of infection is when they get their stomach contents squeezed out.

Amebiasis

parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Vectors - Swallow contaminated water or food. Put something in your mouth that has touched the poop of someone infected with E. histolytica. Swallow E. histolytica  germs picked up from a contaminated surface or your fingers

Campylobacteriosis

Caused by campylobacter bacteria. Mostly transmitted by eating raw or undercooked poultry. or eating food that has been contaminated with raw/undercooked poultry. Touching animals can also increase risk or drinking contaminated water.

cutaneous leishmaniasis - rural or urban issue mostly? day or night

mostly rural, biggest risk at dusk as sandflies bite then

Dengue fever - rural or urban? day or night?

Urban mostly - Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus bite during the day

Japanese encephalitis - rural or urban, day or night?

Mostly rural, culex moisquitos bite at night (dusk to dawn)