MS LOWER AND UPPER RESPI

APNEA

temporary cessation of breathing

BRONCHOPHONY

abnormal increase in clarity of transmitted voice sounds heard when auscultating the lungs

BRONCHOSPHONY

direct examination of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi using an endoscope

CILIA

short, fine hairs that provide a constant whipping motion that serves to propel mucus and foreign substances away from the lung toward the larynx

COMPLIANCE

measure of the force required to expand or inflate the lungs

CRACKLES

nonmusical, discontinuous popping sounds during inspiration caused by delayed reopening of the airways heard on chest auscultation

DYSPNEA

subjective experience that describes an uncomfortable or painful breathing sensation when either at rest or while walking or climbing stairs; also commonly referred to as shortness of breath

EGOPHONY

abnormal change in tone of voice that is heard when auscultating the lungs

FREMITUS

vibrations of speech felt as tremors of the chest wall during palpation

HEMOPTYSIS

expectoration of blood from the respiratory tract

HYPOXEMIA

decrease in arterial oxygen tension in the blood

HYPOXIA

decrease in oxygen supply to the tissues and cells

OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA

temporary absence of breathing during sleep secondary to transient upper airway obstruction

ORTHOPNEA

shortness of breath when lying flat; relieved by sitting or standing

OXYGEN SATURATION

percentage of hemoglobin that is bound to oxygen

PHYSIOLOGIC DEAD SPACE

portion of the tracheobronchial tree that does not participate in gas exchang

PULMONARY DIFFUSION

exchange of gas molecules (oxygen and carbon dioxide) from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

PULMONARY PERFUSION

blood flow through the pulmonary vasculature

RESPIRATION

gas exchange between atmospheric air and the blood and between the blood and cells of the body

RHONCHI

deep, low-pitched snoring sound associated with partial airway obstruction, heard on chest auscultation

STRIDOR

continuous, high-pitched, musical sound heard on inspiration, best heard over the neck; may be heard without use of a stethoscope, secondary to upper airway obstruction

TACHYPNEA

abnormally rapid respirations

TIDAL VOLUME

volume of air inspired and expired with each breath during normal breathing

VENTILATION

movement of air in and out of the airways

WHEEZES

continuous musical sounds associated with airway narrowing or partial obstruction

WHISPERED PECTORILOQUY

whispered sounds heard loudly and clearly upon thoracic auscultation