BIO 130 EXAM #3

what is the purpose of blood in our body

1. obtain O2

2. discard CO2

3. transport nutrients and messengers

Homeostasis, transportation, protection of the immune system, and regulation (pH, body temp,& osmotic pressure) are what?

Functions of blood

If your blood is bright red this means?

it is oxygen rich

If your blood is dark red that means?

it is oxygen poor

What is the pH of blood

7.35-7.45 (slightly alkaline)

which sex has 4-6 L of blood in their body

females

which sex has 5-6L of blood in their body

males

the temperture of blood is __ than the temperature of the body

more (100.4 F)

What are the 2 components of blood

1. Plasma

2. formed elements (cells)

red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are considered what kind of components in blood

formed elements (cells)

Plasma is mainly made out of what

90% water and 10% solutes

What are some solutes in plasma

1. nutrients

2. gasses

3. hormones

4. salts

5. proteins

what are the 3 types of blood cells in the body

1. red blood cells

2. white blood cells

3. platelets

erythrocytes are also called what

red blood cells

what do erythrocytes do

carry oxygen

leukocytes are also called what

white blood cells

what do leukocytes do

they assist the immune system

thrombocytes are also called what

platelets

thrombocytes do what in the body

assist with blood clotting

What is hemocrit

a type of blood test to see how much RBC you have in your body

What is the percentage of RBCs should a woman have in their body

38-46%

What is the percentage of RBCs should a man have in their body

40-54%

What is anemia

decreased oxygen carrying capacity in the blood

What are the normal shape of an erythocyte

biconcave

Do erythrocytes have a nucleus and/or do they have a presence of protien machinery

No

What are the half lifes of a RBC

120 days

hemoglobins are located where

in the RBC

Hemoglobin is made of how many polypeptides

4

what arfe the polypeptides inside of hemoglobin called

alpha chains and beta chains

what is heme

it is the iron in the center of the molecule

sickle cell disease is what kind of disorder

autosomal recessive disorder

What makes a sickle cell collapse

the amino acid valeve subs and causes hemoglobin to collapse

clogged blood vessels, anemia and easilt ruptured RBCs are complications of what disease

sickle cell disease

What are the 3 types of anemia

1. sickle cell anemia

2. iron deficient anemia

3. pernicious anemia

when someone has a faulty Hb beta chain this is what kind of anemia

sickle cell anemia

when someone doesnt have enough iron in the blood this is what kind of anemia

iron deficency anemia

when someone lacks B12 or a decrease in intrinsic factor (allows B12 absorption by intestine) this is what kind of anemia

pernicious anemia

Do leukocytes have a nucleus

yes

leukocytes can migrate in/out of blood vessels what is this term called

diapedesis

what is the main function of leukocytes

immune response against microorganisms

what are the 2 major types of WBCs

1. granulocytes

2. agranulocytes

neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil are what types of WBC

granulocytes

lymphocytes and monocyte are what type of WBC

agranulocyte

what do neutrophils do

they have phagocytic functions, most abundant WBCs

what do eosinophils do

kills larger parasites by releasing cytotoxic enzymes

what do basophils do

involved with allergic reactions and release histamine

what do lymphocytes

T and B cells are involved with killing microrganisms

what do monocytes do

involved with phagocytosis of pathogens

the increase # in WBCs are called

leukocytosis

decrease in # of WBCs are called

leukopenia

The cancer of the red bone marrow is called

leukemia

leukemia causes what in WBCs

an increase number of WBCs

what is the problem with leukemia

WBCs are immature and doesnt provide immunopretection

Leukemia causes the person to be prone to what

infections

another name for thrombocytes are called

platelets

what do platelets do

help with blood clots

do platletes have a nuclei

no

5-9 days are the life span of what wbc

platelets

bleeders disease due to low or no clotting factors is called

hemophilia

the formation of new blood cells is called

hematopoiesis

a blood stem cell is called

hemocytoblast

when do hemocytoblasts differentiate

when there is a need in the body

hemocytoblasts can differenciate into what other 2 stem cells

lymphpoid and myleoid stem cells

lymphoid stem cells can turn into what cell

lymphocytes (T & B cells)

myeloid stem cells can turn into what kinds of cells

1. baosphils

2. eosinophils

3. monocytes

4. neutrophils

what regulates the differentiation of progenitopr cells

hormones

in erythopoiteins’s (RBC) & thrombopoietin (platelets) release into what organ when there is low blood O2

kidneys

the regulation of hematopoiesis in platelets is called

thrombopoietin

the regulation of hematopoiesis in WBCs are called

colony stimulating factor (CSF) and interleukin

RBCs dont live forever so what happens to them

macrophages in the spleen will phagocytize and break down RBCs

matured RBCs will go 3 places

1. globin recycled into amino acids

2. Fe is absorbed and turn into blood

3. Fe —> heme 0 → bilirubin and urinated/pooped

yellowish of the skin and eyes due to the presence of bilirubin in the blood is called

jaundice

to stop blood flow/ clotting is called

hemostasis

what are the 3 mechanisms the body does to reduce blood loss

1. vascular spasms

2. formation of platelet plug

3. blood clotting

the constriction of blood vessels is called

vascular spasms

what is step 2 of 3 of hemostasis

formation of the platelet plug

what does blood clotting need to happen to do this process

needs tissue factor and Ca2+ (calcium) to form an enzyme called thrombin

What does thrombin do after it is activated

it then tirns into fibrinogen and transforms that into fibrin

what is needed for blood clot to occcure in which it will interact with tissue factors and actiuvate thrombin

calcium

what vitamin is needed for the formation and processing of tissue factors

vitamin K

the process of forminmg a thrombus

thrombosis

thrombus is the result of what

atherosclerosis, trauma, or infection

when the rhombus breaks away from the vessel wall and floats freely in the blood stream this is called

an emoblus

what are the 2 types of blood groups

ABO & Rh

all cells in the body has surface markers what are these called

antigens

What types of antigens are there

A, B, AB & O

if a blood type has an A antigen what is the antibody

B

if a blood type has an B antigen what is the antibody

A

if a blood type has an AB antigen what is the antibody

none

if a blood type has NO antigen what is the antibody

AB

What happens if you give someone the wrong blood type in a transfusion

mismatched blood will cause RBC to agglutinate and (hemo)lyse

Which blood type is considered a universal donor

O-

Which blood type is considered a universal recipient

AB+

RBC WITH Rh antigens are

Rh+

RBC WITHOUT Rh antigens are

Rh-

what is hemolytic disease of the newborn

When the mother has a different antigen than the baby it can cause the fetus RBC to aggulate and hemolysis

What is the treatment for hemolytic disease of the newborn

RhoGAM which is an immune serum that captures Rh+ antigens

Leukocytosis most likely indicates:

bacterial or viral infection

What are the blood types of the ABO blood groups based on?

antigens on the surface of RBCs

Megakaryocytes pinch off anucleate fragments called:

platelets