History Exam 2

Step Pyramid of Djoser (

ca. 2650 BCE)

Step Pyramid of Djoser

Saqqara,

present-day Egypt

Step Pyramid of Djoser

tomb for Pharaoh Djoser, oldest important stone building in Egypt, the center of a large mortuary complex in the Saqqarah necropolis

Pyramids at Giza (

ca. 2580–2525 BCE)

Pyramids at Giza (

Giza, present-

day Egypt

Pyramids at Giza (

stone tombs located on a desert plateau, 3 pyramids for 3 rulers

• Mortuary Complex of Mentuhotep II

ca.

2010 BCE.

• Mortuary Complex of Mentuhotep II

Deir el-Bahri,

Egypt

• Mortuary Complex of Mentuhotep II

an innovative rock-cut mortuary monument that marked the beginning of Middle Kingdom architecture, limestone cliffs on the West Bank of Thebes, Features a large, solid square structure on the upper terrace—historically debated as a pyramid or a mastaba—symbolizing the primeval mound of creation, subterranean shaft and passage system leading to a chamber where Howard Carter discovered the famous painted sandstone seated statue of Mentuhotep II in a jubilee robe.

Plan, Mortuary Complex of Djoser

Plan, Giza Pyramid Complex

Old Kingdom 2686–2150 BCE

Emergence of the pyramid as a form of mortuary architecture, The first “pyramid” appears with King Zozer (Djozer), ca. 2600 BCE.

Middle Kingdom

Mentuhotep II, Literature flourished, and art focused more on human emotion and detailed daily life, afterlife feel accessible to regular people, expanded borders, border forts, pushed trade

mastaba,

mausoleum, battered sides, a flat

roof, plain. The tomb-

chamber was cut underground

ka,

In ancient Egypt, the supposed spiritual

part of an individual human being or god,

which survived (with the soul) after death

and could reside in a statue of the person”

(The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and

Fable)

serdab/ka-chapel

A narrow chamber of the ancient

Egyptian mastaba either

concealed or accessible only by a

narrow passage and containing a

statue of the deceased” (Merriam-

Webster).

• obelisk

Lofty, four-sided, often monolithic shaft,

on a square or rectangular plan, tapering

(i.e., diminishing) upwards, usually

covered with hieroglyphs, with a

pyramidal top. Ancient Egyptian obelisks

were [typically] found in pairs, flanking

axes, but on their introduction to Europe

from the time of Augustus (r. 27 BCE–14

CE), when the first Egyptian obelisks were

re-erected in Rome, they were usually

treated as single free-standing objects

Temple/Palace at Knossos

ca. 1700–1400

BCE)

Temple/Palace at Knossos

Knossos, Crete

Temple/Palace at Knossos

Underground, part storage part factory part spiritual center, centered around throne room and bull court, orchestrated entry, first site of grand staircases, chasam where offerings to under world were made

Mycenae

Mycenae,

present-day Greece

• Mycenae

(ca. 1600–1000 BCE)

• Treasury of Atreus

Mycenae,

present-day Greece

• Treasury of Atreus

(ca. 1250 BCE)

• Treasury of Atreus

built in ground with stone lined path and portal, vaulted center inside, largest domed space until pantheon

• Hattusas

ca. 1600 BCE)

• Hattusas

present-day

Bogazköy, Turkey

Hattusas

lower city, upper city, wall around, temple complex, storage around, slanted leading to pace, stone lions at gate, walls resist earth quakes, battle between Egypt and Hittites, ending in first written piece treaty (on stone)

• Temple Complex at Karnak

beginning ca.

1550 BCE)

• Temple Complex at Karnak

Thebes

(present-day Luxor),

Egypt

• Temple Complex at Karnak

on nile river, comprises a vast mix of temples, pylons, chapels, and other buildings, largest religious building, center of ancient Egyptian faith and political power

Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut

(ca. 1470 BCE)

Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut

outside Thebes

(Deir el-Bahri), Egypt

Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut

built in rock with terraces that expand outward

Plan, Temple/Palace at Knossos

• Site Plan, Principal Temples and

Processional Routes of Karnak

• Plan, Temple of Amun-Re at Karnak

• Minoans

The Bronze Age civilization of Crete

flourished ca. 3000–1100 BCE. Its name

derives from Minos, either a dynastic title

or the name of a particular ruler of Crete

in Greek legend.

• Reaching its peak ca. 1600 BCE, Minoan

civilization was known for its great cities

and palaces, its extended trade

throughout the Eastern Mediterranean

and beyond, and its use of writing.

• Its sophisticated art included elaborate

seals, pottery (especially the famous

Kamáres ware with its light-on-dark style

of decoration), and, above all, delicate,

vibrant frescoes found on palace walls.

• Mycenaeans

he Mycenaeans were a group of

warlike Indo-European peoples who

entered Greece from the north starting

ca. 2000 BCE and established a

Bronze Age culture on the mainland

and nearby islands.

• Their culture was dependent on that of

the Minoans of Crete, who for a time

politically dominated them.

• They threw off Minoan control ca. 1400

BCE and were dominant in the Aegean

until they themselves were

overwhelmed by the next wave of

invaders ca. 1200 BCE.

• propylon

An outer monumental gateway

standing before a main gateway

, megaron

Square or rectangular room often

with a raised central hearth, and

four columns supporting the roof.

The side walls projected beyond

the front wall and partly enclosed a

columned porch, probably the

precedent for a Doric temple”

, tholos

Circular building with a conical,

domed, or vaulted roof, e.g., a

circular tomb roofed with a

pseudo-dome of corbelled rings

, dromos

Long, narrow passage, partly

open and partly within a mound,

giving access to Aegean chamber-

or tholos-tombs” (The Oxford

Dictionary of Architecture).

• Hittites

Between 1400 and 1200 BCE, the

Hittites established one of the great

empires of the ancient Middle East.

• At its height, the empire encompassed

central Turkey, northwestern Syria, and

Upper Mesopotamia (present-day

Syria and Iraq).

• Although they spoke an Indo-European

language, the Hittites adopted many

Mesopotamian traditions, including

the cuneiform writing system.

• The Hittites were famous for their skill

in building and using chariots. They

also pioneered the manufacture and

use of iron.

• Old Kingdom

The emergence of mortuary

complexes, such as the Mortuary

Complex of Djoser at Saqqara, and

pyramids, such as the Great

Pyramid of Khufu.

• The pharaohs are in complete

control.

• Religion and preparations for the

afterlife are reserved for the elite.

• pylon

gate or gateway, Portal of an Ancient Egyptian

temple composed of two huge

battered towers, usually decorated

with bas-relief sculptured figures

and hieroglyphs, flanking a lower

framed gateway ” (The Oxford

Dictionary of Architecture).

, hypostyle hall

“under columns” Any roofed colonnade, or series of

colonnades, as in an Ancient Egyptian

temple. A hypostyle hall is therefore a

large room with a flat roof carried on

many columns in rows, the middle

rows often having taller columns to

accommodate a clerestory” (The

Oxford Dictionary of Architecture).

Dur-Sharrukin

present-day

Khorsabad, Iraq

Dur-Sharrukin

(ca. 717–706 BCE)

Dur-Sharrukin

• Babylon (rebuilt ca. 605 BCE)

• Persepolis (ca. 515–330)

• Naqsh-e Rostem (ca. 550–330 BCE)

• Key Plans/Sections/Elevations:

• Site Plan, Persepolis

• Key Ideas/Terms/People:

• The Iron Age

• Neo-Assyrian Empire

• Neo-Babylonian Empire

• ziggurat

• Achaemenid (Persian) Empire

• Zoroastrianism