AP World History (ch 2)

China's economic and cultural success that occurred around 1200 C.E. happened under the rule of the __________ dynasty.

Song

The works of Confucius __________.

influenced most aspects of human interaction in Chinese society

Chinese developments in irrigation, canals, and roadways __________.

connected and unified distant parts of the expanding Chinese empire

Between the eighth century and 1200 C.E., the Islamic heartlands in the Middle East and North Africa were under the direct control of the __________ caliphate.

Abbasid

Muslims referred to Christians and Jews as "peoples of the book" because they __________.

followed the religious teachings of the Bible

Early eighth-century conquests from the western provinces of the Abbasid caliphate led to a Muslim presence in __________.

India

Which method proved to be the most effective in establishing Islam as a dominant faith in Malaya and the islands of Southeast Asia?

overland and sea-borne trade routes

How was the spread of Muslim influence to the east coast of Africa and the African populations south of the Saharan Desert similar to what took place in Southeast Asia?

Muslim traders were the first individuals to introduce the Islamic culture to each region.

Gold taken by traders across the Sahara from Ghana to the kingdoms of the Maghrib was exchanged mostly for __________.

salt

Which of the following best describes the cultural composition of the sub-Saharan savanna states after Islam was introduced there?

a blend of Islamic and indigenous African influences

Although Muslims brought parts of the Christian Byzantine Empire under their control, they consistently failed to capture the capital city of __________.

Constantinople

How did the schism of 1054 between the Orthodox church and the Latin church impact the Byzantine Empire?

Initially, the empire expanded its influence and trade networks, but the series of wars and loss of revenue accompanying this break contributed to its final decline.

The Byzantine Empire's greatest trading rivals were merchants from __________.

Venice

In the centuries before 1200 C.E., the first group of Europeans to reach North America were __________.

Viking sailors

Which term best describes the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan at the beginning of the fourteenth century?

metropolitan

The Chinese dynasties that existed in 1200 C.E. __________.

built on the foundations of earlier Chinese kingdoms and empires

The proliferation of new technologies invented in China in the two-and-a-half million years before 1200 C.E. was most likely attributed to __________.

mass production

The complex, highly stratified societies neighboring China, such as Korea, Japan, and Vietnam, __________.

were heavily influenced by Chinese technologies and trade goods

What was the greatest effect of Jewish and Muslim collaboration in Arab-controlled Spain?

an intellectual resurgence in Christian Europe

What is one paradox about Middle Eastern culture and society under the Abbasid caliphate?

Many of the innovations and cultural advances that took place during the Abbasid era developed simultaneously with this dynasty's decline.

How did Muslim interactions with Hindus and Buddhists in India compare to Muslim interactions with Christians and Jews in the Middle East, North Africa, and Spain?

Muslims considered members of these four groups to be "people of the book" and made little attempt to forcibly convert the majority of their followers.

__________, which developed in India, has been mistakenly credited to Abbasid Muslims because they introduced it to the Christian West.

The Hindu numbering system

Camel caravan trade routes between the kingdoms of West Africa and Arab North Africa suggest that trade and human connectivity led to __________.

greater intercultural networking systems between Africa, Europe, and Asia

The written descriptions of Mali ruler Sundiata given by Muslim traveler Ibn Battuta in his famous journals demonstrate that Battuta __________.

admired Sundiata's skills as a political leader

How have cultural contributions made by West African kingdoms such as Benin shaped creativity in the modern world?

West African masks and sculptures influenced the work of modern artists.

Current political and business organizations that are described as having "byzantine" structures are generally __________.

dysfunctional and fragmented

The most significant issue that instigated the schism between the Orthodox church and the Latin church in 1054 dealt with __________.

interpretation of Christian scripture in Latin and Greek

Why were armored knights placed toward the top of the social hierarchy of medieval European aristocracy in 1200 C.E.?

Knights were vitally important for a society's defense system and required great expenditure to retain their military expertise and to maintain their equipment.

The massive stepped pyramids in Aztec society reveal that __________.

cultural borrowing from the earlier Toltec civilization took place

One advantage that the Incas had over the Aztecs was __________.

domestication of large mammals to use as beasts of burden

Although a number of the scholar-gentry in China were appointed to bureaucratic governmental positions, most had to pass rigorous civil exams, and the need to master difficult Chinese writing characters essential in doing their jobs meant that they __________.

came from established, well-educated Chinese families

In its trading networks, China __________.

consistently maintained a trade surplus over its competitors

The decline of the Song dynasty in the twelfth century C.E. was mostly attributed to __________.

raids by northern nomadic people

China's conquest of Vietnam resulted from its need to __________.

gain new river lands necessary for growing rice

The Abbasid caliphate __________.

exercised absolute political and religious control over its subjects

The Abbasid caliphate never succeeded in conquering __________ before its own downfall in 1258.

Constantinople

How were the Abbasid caliphate and the Song dynasty in China similar?

They contributed heavily to global science and mathematics.

What factor contributed most to a resurgence of Muslim rule in India at the end of the tenth century?

disunity by Indian rajas and princes in resisting renewed Muslim invasions

What term best describes the intercultural social relationships that developed in India after Islamic control over the Hindu core regions spread into other parts of the subcontinent at the end of the tenth century?

fragmentary

How was tolerance by the great religions of the world best characterized by the 1200 C.E.?

Tolerance was not yet a formalized concept; different patterns of religious accommodation and conflict were more common.

Political and cultural structures in the Zenj region of the East African coastline where Arab influence was most dominant demonstrated that __________.

Arab and African customs and traditions were frequently blended although both cultures retained some of their unique cultural features

How did West African settlement patterns differ from those along the East African coastline in 1200 C.E.?

A series of land empires rather than coastal towns dominated the West African landscape.

The Maghrib is another name for the __________.

mountainous coastline of North Africa

How did the environment of the coastal rainforest belt in West Africa differ most from the more northerly savanna grasslands?

Lethal diseases were commonly found in the rainforest belt.

In 1200 C.E., the Bantu migration in Central Africa __________.

was still occurring after nearly 2,000 years

Which of the following best describes the Byzantine Empire's role in the commercial world of 1200 C.E.?

The empire's well-positioned location between Eurasia and Africa made it a profitable central hub for trade between these regions.

Although the Byzantine Empire was in decline, it successfully transmitted its political and cultural features to __________.

Russian Slavs (slaves)?

Unlike Russian Slavs, Poles and Czechs __________.

had closer cultural connections to Western Europe rather than the Byzantine world

What factor was most responsible for unifying the fragmented societies of Western Europe during the medieval period?

Christianity

Most of the peasant population in Western Europe during the medieval era were classified as __________.

bonded serfs

One essential feature of the three-field system of agriculture in medieval Europe was that __________.

one field remain fallow each year to enhance the soil's fertility

Which of the following best exemplifies the gatekeeper elite that shaped the dominant social values and worldviews of Western European medieval society?

knights

The lack of enduring connections between the inhabitants of the Western Hemisphere and those living in Eurasia and Africa meant that __________.

Amerindian civilizations within North and South America had contact only with similar civilizations on these two continents

By the thirteenth century, the most expansive city-states that had developed sophisticated civilizations in the Americas were __________.

in decline

The Toltec empire in the central valley of Mexico had its center of power in the city of __________.

Tula