APK finl jeopardy

What is the fatty insulation that often surrounds axons and speeds up the action potential called?

Myelin sheath

What structure is considered the basic functional unit of a myofibril?

Sarcomere

The axons that carry the fastest neural impulses exhibit which two physical characteristics?

Myelinated and large

What do you call a single α-motor neuron and all the specific muscle fibers it innervates?

Motor unit

What specific receptors tell the brain that the elbow was fully extended but is now bending quickly?

Joint kinesthetic receptors

What is the process of synthesizing new glucose from other non-carbohydrate substrates called?

Gluconeogenesis

Approximately how many calories do you burn for every single liter of oxygen consumed by the body?

5 calories

The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system restores blood volume by causing systemic vasoconstriction and the kidneys’ retention of what specific ion?

Sodium (Na+)

Which specific hormone acts to stimulate hunger, in contrast to hormones like PYY, GLP-1, and CCK?

Ghrelin

What is the process called when cells become desensitized to a particular hormone by decreasing their number of available receptors?

Receptor downregulation

What specific molecules, of which there are approximately 250 million in one red blood cell, enable it to carry over 1 billion molecules of oxygen?

Hemoglobin

What secondary pump, activated by breathing, helps increase venous return along with the muscle pump?

Respiratory Pump

What is the unique ability of heart cells to spontaneously generate their own action potentials without neural input referred to as?

Autorhythmicity (or Automaticity)

During incremental exercise, what is the exact point at which ventilation increases disproportionately compared to carbon dioxide production?

Ventilatory threshold

What is it clinically referred to as when sympathetic vasoconstriction is blunted or overridden in exercising skeletal muscle to allow for increased blood flow?

Sympatholysis

Which training principle states that by routinely changing the intensity, volume, or mode of exercise, training will always remain challenging?

Principle of variation (or Periodization)

What fluid accumulation primarily stimulates the “pump” feeling or transient hypertrophy you get immediately after a workout?

Edema

What specific physiological mechanism is reduced to decrease inhibitory impulses to agonist muscles, allowing resistance training to increase strength without muscle hypertrophy?

Autogenic inhibition

What is the term for the decrease in heart rate after physical exertion stops, which occurs much more quickly in endurance-trained individuals?

Heart rate recovery

What specific protein/enzyme, often called the “master switch,” is integral to driving mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle following aerobic training?

PGC-1α

What variable refers to the transfer of heat by the movement of a gas or liquid across a surface?

Convection

During cardiovascular drift in the heat, stroke volume drifts downward while what specific variable drifts upward to try and maintain cardiac output?

Heart rate

What hormone is secreted by the kidneys in response to low blood oxygen levels to stimulate red blood cell production?

Erythropoietin (EPO)

When an athlete hyperventilates at high altitude to bring in more oxygen, their blood pH increases, leading to what specific acid-base condition?

Respiratory alkalosis

During exercise, the vast majority (about 75%) of ATP breakdown does not go toward cellular work, but instead contributes to what?

Metabolic heat production

What lifestyle classification can you still fall under even if you meet all weekly physical activity standards, provided you sit at a desk for the vast majority of your day?

Sedentary

What is it called when an athlete intentionally pushes their training beyond normal limits for a short period to stimulate adaptation?

Overreaching

What specific cardiovascular measurement, when unexpectedly elevated at rest, is one of the easiest physiological warning signs to detect overtraining?

Resting heart rate

Blood doping is an illicit method aimed at increasing VO₂max by artificially raising the concentration of what specific cells?

Red blood cells

According to class notes on ergogenic aids, adding what common household spice can significantly enhance the body’s absorption of the supplement curcumin?

Black pepper

What specialized receptors directly stimulate increased pulmonary ventilation during acute exposure to high altitude?

Chemoreceptors