posc200 final jmu

montreal protocol

a 1987 treaty made to phase out ozone-depleting substances

kyoto protocol

a 1997 agreement requiring developed countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions

paris protocol:

a 2015 landmark international treaty adopted by 195 countries to fight climate change

global disability rights

last convention in 2006 that raised public awareness and other inclusion factors

collective security

countries agreeing to defend each other against threats

ethnocentrism

the belief that one's own culture is superior to others

the stockholm conference

the first major global environment meeting in 1972 by the UN

gold standard

gold is an international currency, and currency is backed by it

convertible currency

currency that can be exchanged freely with other currencies

fixed exchange rate

currency value set by the government that does not change

floating exchange rate

currency value that is determined by the market and often changes

central bank

a national institution that manages monetary policy, controls inflation, and regulates the banking system

federal reserve

the U.S. central bank, responsible for setting interest rates, controlling inflation, and stabilizing the financial system

world bank

provides loans and funding to developing countries for infrastructure and developmental projects

international monetary fund

offers financial assistance and policy advice to countries facing economic crises to stabilize global markets

multinational corporations

large companies that operate and produce goods/services in multiple countries, influencing global trade

bretton woods conference

a meeting that established the modern global financial system, including the IMF and World Bank

the four tigers

South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong

martens clause

a principle stating that civilians and combatants remain protected by customary international law even when specific treaties don't cover a situation

killer robots/ lethal autonomous weapons systems

weapon systems that can attack targets without human control, raising ethical and legal concerns

fyoder martens

legal scholar who introduced the clause emphasizing humanitarian protections in war

noncommunicable disease

chronic diseases that are not spread between people and are often linked to lifestyle or genetics

infectious disease

diseases caused by pathogens that can spread between individuals

ebola

virus that spreads through bodily fluids

malaria

a disease transmitted by mosquitoes

coronavirus

a global pandemic disease, possibly originating from bats?

CNN effect

idea that media coverage can pressure governments to act in international crises

mission creep

when a military mission gradually expands beyond its original goals, often increasing risks

operation restore hope/get the food through

U.S. led humanitarian mission in Somalia aimed at ensuring delivery of food aid

force protection

military strategies and measures taken to safeguard troops for harm

operation gothic serpent

a U.S. military operation in Somalia to capture warlord leaders, leading to black hawk down incident

somalia syndrome

how the world was scared to interact in foreign conflict after what happened in Somalia with black hawk down

operation uphold democracy

U.S. military intervention to restore the elected government after a military coup

economic liberalism

a theory that advocates free markets with minimal government intervention and open international trade

mercantilism

early economic system where states maximize exports and minimize imports to accumulate wealth and power

free trade

trade between countries with no tariffs, quotas, or restrictions

comparative advantage(david ricardo)

the idea that countries should specialize in producing goods they can make relatively more efficiently than others

wealth of nations(adam smith)

a foundational text arguing that free markets increase wealth and efficiency

invisible hand(adam smith)

the concept that individuals pursuing self-interest unintentionally benefits the overall economy

division of labor(Adam Smith)

breaking production into specialized tasks to increase efficiency and productivity

protectionism

government policies that restrict imports to protect domestic industries

resistance to global trade

human rights, environmental rights, and workers safety problems

tariffs

taxes on imported goods to make them more expensive

league of nations

early international organization aimed at maintaining peace but failed due to lack of enforcement power and U.S. involvement

non-tariff barriers

restrictions like quotas, regulations, or standards that limit trade without taxes

dumping

selling goods abroad at artificially low prices to outcompete local producers

cartel

a group of firms or countries that coordinate to control prices and supply

opec

organization of oil producing countries that coordinate oil production to influence global prices

monopoly

a market structure where one firm/company dominates and faces little to no competition

convoy

a group of ships/vehicles traveling together for mutual protection

human development index

a measure of development based on life expectancy, education, and income

sustainable development goals

17 UN goals addressing global challenges like poverty, inequality, and climate change by 2030

basic human needs

essential requirements like food, water, shelter, and healthcare

what keeps people in extreme poverty

lack of education, weak institutions, conflict, and limited economic opportunities

remittances

money sent by migrants back to their home countries, often a key income source

global south

regions in africa, latin ameria, and asia that are generally less economically developed

pro-globalization

supports increased global trade and integration for economic growth and cultural exchange

anti-globalization

criticizes globalization for increasing inequality, harming workers, or eroding cultures

population movement categories

migrants, refugees, asylum seekers, displaced person, and immigrants

genocide

intentional and systematic destruction of a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group

rwanda genocide

a genocide in rwanda between Hutus and Tutsis after years of inequality…let to about 1mil deaths in 100 days

ethnic cleansing

the forced removal of a group from a territory to make them disappear

examples of conflict

civil war, interstate wars, insurgencies, terrorism

ICBL- international campaign to ban landmines

a global NGO coalition that successfully pushed for banning anti-personnel landmines

unlawful weapons

poisoned weapons, biological/chemical weapons, and weapons targeting with undetectable fragments

1980 convention on conventional weapons

treaty restricting weapons considered excessively harmful or indiscriminate

landmine survivor network

organization supporting victims of landmines and advocating for bans

collective goods

benefits that are shared between people and cannot be excluded

treaty of westphalia

established the modern system of sovereign states and non-interference

NGO’s

non-governmental organizations

ex. peace corps, american red cross

IGO’s

intergovernmental organizations

ex. United nations

FDR

disabled president

prisoners dilemma

a scenario showing why actors may not cooperate even when it's in their best interest

security dilemma

when one states attempt to increase security makes others feel threatened, leading to arms buildup

international regime

a set of rules, norms, and institutions governing state behavior in a specific area

UN organs

5 main bodies

weapons of mass destruction

nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons capable of large-scale destruction

neofunctionalism

theory that integration in one sector leads to further integration in others. Typically economic to political

functionalism

cooperation begins in technical areas and gradually builds peace

treaty of rome

established the european economic community

european union

a regional organization promoting economic and political integration among European states

european economic community

early version of the EU focused on economic cooperation

digital divide

the gap between those with access to modern technology and those without

information used for/against the government

information can be used by governments for control or by citizens to challenge authority

deterrence

preventing an action by threatening severe consequences

compellence

forcing an actor to take a specific action through threats or pressure

security counsel

organ of the UN with 5 permanant members that have veto power and 7 rotating

general assembly

organ of the UN with member states that cast votes but they are non binding

economic and social counsel

organ of the UN that coordinate economic, social, and environmental work of the UN system

world court(int. court of justice)

organ of the UN that settles legal disputes between states and provides advisory opinions

why is hong kong one of the four tigers?

they economically soured in financial services, tourism, trading logistics, and professional services

why is singapore one of the four tigers?

they economically soured in chemical, electronic, logistics, biomedical sciences, and transport engineering manufacturing

why is south korea one of the four tigers?

they economically soured in electronic, vehicle production, telecommunications, shipbuilding, and steel manufacturing

why is tiawan one of the four tigers?

they had lots of semiconductor companies that made them economically successful

unlawful attacks

indiscriminate attacks(civilians vs. military), disproportionate attacks, perfidy(deception), human shields, attacking protected persons, attacking civilian objects(hospitals, schools, etc), attacks w/o precautions