Professional Education and General Education Review Notes

Comprehensive vocabulary review flashcards covering Philippine educational legislation, foundational educational philosophies, developmental theories, assessment metrics, taxonomy systems, and general education concepts.

Lev Vygotsky

Social cognitivist theorist associated with the concept of scaffolding.

Sigmund Freud

Proponent of psychosexual and psychoanalytical development theories.

William Sheldon

Theorist associated with physiological development.

Hedonism

An ethical and educational principle centered on the pleasure principle.

Double Effect

Moral principle involving a sacrifice for the good or bad.

Formal Cooperation

Cooperation performed with will.

Material Cooperation

Cooperation performed without will.

Lesser Evil

The principle of choosing the lesser option from two bad things.

Freud's Psychosexual Stages

Five stages of development: Oral ($0-1$ years old, Infant), Anal ($1-3$ years old, Toddler), Phallic (Preschool), Latency (School Age), and Genital (Adolescence).

Oedipus Complex

Freudian psychoanalytic concept describing the attraction of a son to his mother.

Electra Complex

Freudian psychoanalytic concept describing the attraction of a daughter to her father.

PRC BR 435

The Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers.

PD 1006

Decree Professionalizing Teachers.

RA No. 1425

Law mandating the inclusion of the life and works of Jose Rizal in school curricula.

RA No. 4670

Magna Carta for Public School Teachers.

RA 7722

Act creating the Commission on Higher Education (CHED).

RA 7796

The TESDA Act of 1994.

RA 7836

Philippine Teachers Professionalization Act of 1994.

RA 9155

Basic Education Governance Act (BEGA), also known as the DepEd Law.

RA 9293

Teachers Professionalization Act, amending certain sections of RA 7836.

RA 10533

Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013, commonly referred to as the K-12 Law.

Act No. 2706

The Private School Law.

Commonwealth Act No. 578

Law recognizing teachers and school officials as persons in authority.

Kautusang Pangkagawaran Blg 7

Department order declaring Pilipino as the National Language.

Kohlberg's Pre-Conventional Morality

Level 1 of moral development, comprising Stage 1 (Obedience and Punishment Orientation) and Stage 2 (Individualism and Exchange).

Kohlberg's Conventional Morality

Level 2 of moral development, comprising Stage 3 (Good Interpersonal Relationships) and Stage 4 (Maintaining the Social Order).

Kohlberg's Post-Conventional Morality

Level 3 of moral development, comprising Stage 5 (Social Contract and Individual Rights) and Stage 6 (Universal Principles).

Low Standard Deviation

Indicates a homogenous group where scores are clustered close to the mean (almost the same).

High Standard Deviation

Indicates a heterogenous group where scores are far from the mean (scattered).

Decile

A statistical measure that divides a distribution into 10 groups ($D_1 \text{ to } D_{10}$).

Quartile

A statistical measure that divides a distribution into 4 groups ($Q_1 \text{ to } Q_4$).

Difficulty Index Range

Scale defining item difficulty: $0-0.20$ (Very Difficult), $0.21-0.40$ (Difficult), $0.41-0.60$ (Moderately Difficult), $0.61-0.80$ (Easy), and $0.81-1.00$ (Very Easy).

Positively Skewed Distribution

A distribution represented by a left foot profile with low scores, where the mean is greater than the mode.

Negatively Skewed Distribution

A distribution represented by a right foot profile with high scores, where the mean is lower than the mode.

Halo / Horn Effect

A cognitive bias wherein one overriding trait—either good (halo) or bad (horn)—influences the perception of other traits.

Bow-wow Theory

Language origin theory stating that language originated from nature and animals (kalikasan at hayop).

Ding-dong Theory

Language origin theory asserting that words originated from inanimate objects (bagay).

Pooh-pooh Theory

Language origin theory stating that language stemmed from intense human emotions (masidhing damdamin).

Yoheho Theory

Language origin theory asserting that language developed from sounds produced during physical exertion or force (pwersang pisikal).

Bloom vs. Anderson Cognitive Taxonomy

Shift from LOTS to HOTS: Knowledge becomes Remembering, Comprehension becomes Understanding, Application becomes Applying, Analysis becomes Analyzing, Synthesis becomes Evaluating, and Evaluation becomes Creating.

Affective Domain Taxonomy

Taxonomy of affective objectives arranged hierarchically: Receiving, Responding, Valuing, Organizing, and Characterization.

Simpson's Psychomotor Taxonomy

Psychomotor domain taxonomy comprising: Perception, Set, Guided Response, Mechanism, Complex Overt Response, Adaptation, and Origination.

Harrow's Psychomotor Taxonomy

Psychomotor domain taxonomy comprising: Reflex movement, Fundamental Movement, Physical Movement, Perceptual Abilities, Skilled Movements, and Non-discursive communication.

Dale's Cone of Experience

Learning progression continuum moving from abstract to concrete: Read, Hear, Picture, Video, Exhibit, Demonstration, Collaborative Work, Simulation, and Real thing.

Erikson's Psychosocial Tasks

Eight psychosocial stages: Trust vs. Mistrust ($0-12$ months), Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt ($1-3$ years old), Initiative vs. Guilt ($3-6$ years old), Industry vs. Inferiority ($6-12$ years old), Identity vs. Role Confusion ($12-18$ years old), Intimacy vs. Isolation (early 20s-early 40s), Generativity vs. Stagnation (40s-mid 60s), and Integrity vs. Despair (mid 60s-death).

Piaget's Cognitive Development Stages

Four stages: 1. Sensory (senses), 2. Pre-operational (imagination), 3. Concrete, and 4. Formal.

Generations of Computers

Hardware milestones: 1st Gen Vacuum Tubes ($1940-1956$), 2nd Gen Transistors ($1956-1963$), 3rd Gen Integrated Circuits ($1964-1971$), 4th Gen Microprocessors ($1971\text{--present}$), and 5th Gen Artificial Intelligence (present--future).

Mistaken Goals

Five misbehaviors and their underlying pupil messages: Attention Seeker ('teacher, notice me'), Revenge ('teacher, I am hurt'), Power-Seeking ('teacher, may I help?'), Inadequacy ('teacher, don't give up on me'), and Withdrawal ('teacher, please help me').

Educational Philosophies (Core Concepts)

Behaviorism (change), Essentialism (basic), Existentialism (choice), Humanism (build), Idealism (enough in mind), Perennialism (constant), Pragmatism (practice/T&E), Progressivism (improve), Realism (enough to see), Utilitarianism (best), and Social Reconstructivism (benefit of all).

Aims of Educational Eras in the Philippines

Pre-Spanish (survival and conformity), Spanish (Christianity), American (democratic ideals and way of life), Commonwealth (moral character, efficiency), and Japanese (progress).

Pestalozzi

Advocate of using realia in instruction; recognized as Froebel's mentor/protégé.

Friedrich Froebel

The recognized Father of Kindergarten.

Jerome Bruner

Proponent of Instrumental Conceptualism and the three modes of representation.

Bruner's Three Modes of Representation

Stages of cognitive representation: 1. Enactive ($0-1$ years old, action-based information), 2. Iconic ($1-6$ years old, image-based information), and 3. Symbolic ($7+$ years old, code/symbols such as language).

John Locke

Philosopher who introduced the concept of Tabula Rasa (blank sheet).

Proklama Blg. 12

Proclamation establishing Linggo ng Wika celebrating Francisco Balagtas from March 29 to April 4.

Proklama Blg. 186

Proclamation establishing Linggo ng Wika celebrating Manuel L. Quezon from August 13 to August 19.

Proklama Blg. 1041

Proclamation issued by President Ramos designating August as Buwan ng Wika.

1987 Philippine Constitution Art. 14 Sek. 6-9

Constitutional provision establishing Filipino as the National Language of the Philippines.

RA 1079

Act establishing no expiration limit on Civil Service eligibility.

RA 6655

The Free Public Secondary Education Act of 1988.

RA 6728

Act Providing Government Assistance to Students and Teachers in Private Education.

RA 7277

The Magna Carta for Persons with Disabilities (PWD).

RA 7610

The Anti-Child Abuse Law, later amended by RA 9231.

RA 7743

Act providing for the establishment of public libraries and reading centers.

RA 7877

The Anti Sexual Harassment Act of 1995.

RA 7880

The Fair and Equitable Access to Education Act.

RA 8049

The Anti-Hazing Law.

RA 8187

The Paternity Leave Act.

RA 10627

The Anti-Bullying Act of 2013.