Unit 2 Notes - Part B

Cell

basic structural unit of the body

Tissue

group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function

Organ

structure made of several kinds of tissues that work together to perform a specific function

Body system

group of organs that work together to perform complex functions and maintain life

Organism

life form made up of interdependent parts, including cells, tissues, organs, and body systems, that work together to maintain life

Homeostasis

stable internal environment of physiological balance despite changes inside or outside the body

Cytology

the study of the formation, structure, and function of cells

Cell membrane/plasma membrane

surrounds every cell and separates it from the external environment

Selective semipermeable membrane

membrane that controls what enters and leaves the cell

Nucleus

controls the cell and is responsible for its main functions and reproduction

Chromosomes

structures in the nucleus that contain genetic information; human cells have 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid; genetic material responsible for each person's unique genetic makeup

Cytoplasm

semifluid material between the nucleus and cell membrane where chemical reactions occur

Organelle

specialized structure inside a cell that performs a specific function

Electrolytes

compounds made of charged particles called ions that conduct electrical currents in water or cytoplasm

Ions

charged particles that make up electrolytes

Cations

positively charged ions that create acids

Anions

negatively charged ions that create bases that react to with acid to form salt

pH

measurement of the presence of acids and bases in a fluid

Muscle cells

long, slender cells that allow muscles to contract and relax

Epithelial cells

flat, square cells that cover the skin and line the digestive tract and hollow organs

Fat cells

cells containing large spaces used to store fat

Nerve cells

long cells with fibrous extensions that carry nerve impulses

Blood cells

cells that vary in size and shape according to their function

Ovum

female sex cell and the largest cell in the human body

Sperm

male sex cell and the smallest cell in the human body

Sex cells

reproductive cells, including the ovum and sperm

Cell division

process that allows growth, development, and replacement of old, dead, or damaged cells

Mitosis

cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells

Meiosis

cell division that produces sex cells with half the usual number of chromosomes

Gametes

sex cells, such as sperm and eggs

Genetics

study of how genes are transferred from individuals to offspring and how genes affect health

Genes

units of genetic information that are transferred from parents to offspring

Genetic disorders

diseases or conditions caused by a defective gene; may be present at birth or develop later in life

Hereditary disorders/ genetic disorders

conditions caused by defective genes that can be inherited

Anabolism

build-up of energy combining smaller units into larger molecules

Aplasia

condition in which a cell, tissue, or organ does not grow or develop normally

Carcinogenesis

formation or development of cancer

Endocytosis

substances are brought inside a cell

Eukaryotic

clearly defined nucleus

Exocytosis

substances are transported outside of a cell

Histogenesis

production/formation of tissues

Hypertonic

a greater pressure or solute concentration than a cell, causing water to flow out and the cell to shrink

Hypotonic

a lower pressure or solute concentration than a cell, causing water to flow into and the cell to swell

Isotonic

equal pressure or solute concentration inside and outside of a cell

Lysosomes

organelles that destroy pathogens and nonfunctional cells

Prokaryotic

no clearly defined nucleus

Histology

study of the structure and function of tissues

Biopsy

removal of a small piece of tissue, a portion of an organ, or an entire organ for microscopic examination

Pathologist

physician who specializes in the study of disease and examines tissues or organs under a microscope

Epithelial tissue

tissue that forms the skin, lines internal organs, and makes up certain glands

Simple epithelium

epithelial tissue with one layer of cells

Stratified epithelium

epithelial tissue with more than one layer of cells

Squamous

flat-shaped cells

Cuboidal

cube-shaped cells

Columnar

cells shaped like columns

Connective tissue

tissue that supports and connects organs and other body tissues

Dense connective tissue

connective tissue that includes bone and cartilage

Loose connective tissue

connective tissue associated with nerve cells and blood vessels

Adipose tissue

fat tissue that provides heat-retaining insulation

Liquid connective tissue

connective tissue consisting of blood and lymph

Muscle tissue

tissue that contracts or shortens to produce bodily movement

Skeletal muscle

voluntary muscle attached to bones that produces movement at will

Cardiac muscle

muscle found only in the heart that is responsible for pumping blood

Smooth/visceral/involuntary muscle

involuntary or visceral muscle that lines the walls of hollow organs

Peristalsis

smooth muscles alternating contraction and relaxation and helps moves substances through a pathway such as the intestines

Nervous tissue

tissue that makes up the nervous system and is composed of neurons

Neurons

receive and conduct electrochemical impulses between the brain and other parts of the body

Organs

structures composed of several types of tissues that work together to perform a specific function

Heart

organ that pumps blood throughout the body

Lungs

organs involved in breathing and exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide

Stomach

organ involved in the digestion of food

Brain

organ that controls and coordinates many functions of the body

Integumentary system made of- the skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and oil glands

Integumentary system function

protects the body, regulates temperature and fluid balance, produces vitamin D, and provides sensory information

Skeletal system made of

bones, joints, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons

Skeletal system function

provides support and shape, protects internal organs and tissues, produces blood cells, and stores calcium and minerals

Muscular system made of

muscles

Muscular system function

allows voluntary and involuntary movement and produces heat through muscle activity

Nervous system made of

brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Nervous system function

transmits messages about sensory stimuli between the brain and other parts of the body

Endocrine system made of

hormone-producing organs and glands, including the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid, thalamus, adrenal glands, pancreas, and gonads

Endocrine system function

produces hormones and regulates metabolism, mood, growth and development, and reproductive development and function

Respiratory system

System consisting of the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

Respiratory system function

Delivers oxygen to body tissues, removes carbon dioxide, filters airborne pollutants and some microorganisms, and regulates acid-base balance

Cardiovascular system

Also called the circulatory system; consists of the heart and blood vessels

Cardiovascular system function

Pumps oxygen- and nutrient-containing blood throughout the body and carries carbon dioxide and other wastes to the lungs and kidneys for elimination

Circulatory system

Another name for the cardiovascular system, which consists of the heart and blood vessels

Lymphatic system/Immune system made of

the spleen, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels and tissues, thymus, and bone marrow

Lymphatic system function

protects the body from disease-causing microorganisms and maintains proper blood and lymphatic fluid balance

Digestive system made of

the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, gallbladder, liver, appendix, rectum, and anus

Digestive system function

takes in, breaks down, and absorbs nutrients and removes solid waste as feces

Urinary system made of

the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra

Urinary system function

filters blood to remove waste products and regulates electrolytes and fluid balance

Reproductive system

allows human beings to produce offspring

Female reproductive system made of

the mammary glands, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina

Male reproductive system made of

the penis, testes, scrotum, and prostate gland