APUSH P7 Vocab

Hawaii

A Pacific island kingdom whose monarchy was overthrown by American sugar planters and annexed by the United States in 1898.

Schenck v. United States

A Supreme Court case that upheld the Espionage Act, determining free speech could be restricted when it presented a 'clear and present danger.'

Buying on margin

The practice of purchasing stocks by paying only a small percentage of the price upfront and borrowing the rest.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

A U.S. naval officer and historian whose book argued that national power depended on a strong navy.

Fourteen Points

President Woodrow Wilson's proposed post-WWI peace plan emphasizing open diplomacy and self-determination.

Hoovervilles

Shantytowns of the unemployed during the Great Depression, mockingly named after President Herbert Hoover.

Yellow Journalism

Sensationalized news reporting that exaggerated events to increase newspaper sales.

League of Nations

An international organization created by the Treaty of Versailles aimed at promoting peace.

Good Neighbor Policy

Franklin D. Roosevelt’s approach towards Latin America in the 1930s, emphasizing non-intervention.

De Lome Letter

A letter from a Spanish Ambassador criticizing President McKinley, inflaming U.S. sentiments against Spain.

Treaty of Versailles

The treaty that ended WWI, imposing reparations on Germany and establishing the League of Nations.

Run on the Banks

A situation when depositors withdraw their money from banks simultaneously, causing bank failures.

USS Maine

A U.S. battleship whose explosion in Havana Harbor was used to justify U.S. intervention in Cuba.

Reservationists

A group of U.S. senators who would support the Treaty of Versailles only if specific reservations were added.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

One of the highest protective tariffs in U.S. history that worsened the global Depression.

Spanish-American War

A conflict that began with the USS Maine explosion, resulting in the U.S. gaining territories like Puerto Rico.

Henry Cabot Lodge

An influential Republican senator who opposed the League of Nations.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

An organization created in 1932 to provide emergency loans to boost the economy.

Teller Amendment

A U.S. pledge not to annex Cuba, asserting its control would be left to its people.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

An international agreement to renounce war as a national policy, ultimately unenforceable.

Bonus Army

WWI veterans who marched on Washington demanding early payment of a promised bonus.

Rough Riders

A volunteer cavalry unit led by Theodore Roosevelt during the Spanish-American War.

Red Scare

A period of intense fear of communism following WWI, spurred by labor strikes and the Bolshevik Revolution.

Franklin Roosevelt

The 32nd President who led the U.S. through the Great Depression and most of WWII.

Theodore Roosevelt

The 26th President and champion of American imperial expansion and the Panama Canal's construction.

Palmer Raids

Government actions led against suspected anarchists during the First Red Scare, resulting in mass arrests.

Three Rs: relief, recovery, reform

The goals of FDR’s New Deal: immediate help for the unemployed, boosting the economy, and preventing future depressions.

Treaty of Paris

The treaty that ended the Spanish-American War, wherein Spain ceded territories to the U.S.

Nye Committee

A Senate committee investigating the role of arms manufacturers in WWI that fueled isolationist sentiment.

Eleanor Roosevelt

First Lady who actively championed civil rights and social reform and was a key advisor to FDR.

Anti-Imperialist League

An organization formed to oppose U.S. territorial expansion, especially the annexation of the Philippines.

Herbert Hoover

The 31st President criticized for his response to the Great Depression.

New Deal

FDR’s series of programs aimed at economic recovery during the Great Depression.

Platt Amendment

Legislation dictating conditions for Cuban independence, allowing U.S. intervention in Cuban affairs.

Henry Ford and the Assembly Line

Ford's innovation that revolutionized manufacturing and made cars affordable.

Hundred Days

The first months of FDR’s presidency during which significant New Deal legislation was enacted.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Filipino leader who opposed U.S. occupation after the Spanish-American War.

Automobile

Transformed American society in the 1920s, leading to suburban growth and a consumer culture.

Bank Holiday

The temporary closure of banks by FDR to stop panic withdrawals and restore public confidence.

Insular Cases

Supreme Court decisions determining constitutional rights did not automatically extend to U.S. territories.

Flapper

A 1920s woman who defied traditional norms, representing the spirit of the Jazz Age.

Fireside Chats

FDR’s informal radio broadcasts used to connect with the public during the Depression.

Spheres of Influence

Areas of political or economic control by a foreign power.

Advertising

Expanded significantly in the 1920s, using psychological tactics to drive consumer demand.

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

New Deal program intended to raise agricultural prices by paying farmers to reduce production.

Open Door Policy

U.S. diplomatic policy advocating for equal trade rights in China.

Radio

A dominant form of mass media in the 1920s, uniting the nation with news and entertainment.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. (FDIC)

Created to insure bank deposits, restoring trust in the banking system.

Boxer Rebellion

A Chinese uprising against foreign influence, suppressed by international forces.

Prohibition

A nationwide ban on alcohol that led to the rise of speakeasies and organized crime.

Public Works Administration (PWA)

New Deal agency that funded large-scale construction projects to create jobs.

Big Stick Policy

The foreign policy by Theodore Roosevelt advocating diplomacy backed by a strong military.

Speakeasy

Illegal bars selling alcohol during Prohibition, symbols of the rebellious 1920s nightlife.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

A New Deal program employing young men for conservation projects.

Panama Canal

A canal built to shorten sea routes between the Atlantic and Pacific.

Jazz Age

Nickname for the 1920s, characterized by lively jazz music and cultural modernism.

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

Established to regulate the stock market and prevent fraudulent practices.

Roosevelt Corollary

Addition to the Monroe Doctrine asserting U.S. intervention in Latin America to maintain stability.

Lost Generation

Disillusioned American writers of the 1920s critiquing materialism and WWI trauma.

Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

Created to insure mortgages and stabilize the housing market.

Dollar Diplomacy

President Taft’s economic strategy using investments to influence foreign policy.

Harlem Renaissance

A cultural explosion celebrating African American heritage through arts in the 1920s.

Moral Diplomacy

Wilson’s foreign policy promoting U.S. ideals and opposing undemocratic governments.

Consumer Culture

A 1920s phenomenon emphasizing mass production and advertising, leading to economic growth.

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

The largest New Deal agency employing millions in public works and supporting the arts.

Great Migration

The movement of African Americans from the rural South to cities in search of better opportunities.

Credit

Purchasing goods with borrowed money, contributing to 1920s consumerism.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

New Deal program constructing dams and power plants to provide electricity and regional development.

Neutrality

U.S. policy of avoiding entanglements in European conflicts, particularly strong before both World Wars.

Northern Migration

The movement of African Americans to the North for economic opportunities.

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

New Deal agency aimed at stabilizing businesses through codes of fair practices.

Submarine Warfare

Germany's unrestricted naval warfare during WWI that drew the U.S. closer to war.

Marcus Garvey

Leader of the Back to Africa movement promoting Black pride and self-sufficiency.

National Labor Relations Act

Guaranteed workers the right to unionize and bargain collectively.

Lusitania

British ship sunk by a German U-boat, leading to U.S. public outrage before entering WWI.

Scopes Trial

A legal case spotlighting the clash between religious fundamentalism and modern science.

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

Union federation organizing unskilled workers in mass-production industries.

Zimmermann telegram

German proposal for a military alliance with Mexico, influencing U.S. entry into WWI.

21st Amendment

Repealed Prohibition, restoring legal alcohol sales in the U.S.

Social Security

New Deal program establishing federal insurance for the elderly and unemployed.

American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

U.S. forces sent to Europe in WWI, crucial in Allied offensives.

Immigration Act of 1921

Limited immigration by imposing nationality-based quotas.

Keynesian Economics

Theory that government spending can stimulate demand during economic downturns.

Woodrow Wilson

The 28th President who led the U.S. through WWI and proposed the League of Nations.

National Origins Act of 1924

Further restricted immigration by favoring Northern Europeans and nearly banning Asians.

Father Charles Coughlin

A Catholic priest and critic of FDR with a large radio audience in the 1930s.

War Industries Board

Agency coordinating industrial production during WWI.

Sacco and Vanzetti

Two Italian anarchists executed amid the Red Scare, raising issues of fair trials.

Francis Townsend

Critic of the New Deal who proposed a pension plan for the elderly.

Food Administration

Led voluntary rationing efforts during WWI to support U.S. and allied forces.

KKK

A white supremacist group that targeted various minority groups in the 1910s and 1920s.

Huey Long

Populist Louisiana senator who proposed taxing the wealthy and was assassinated.

Committee on Public Information

Agency managing WWI propaganda to shape public opinion in favor of the war.

Birth of a Nation

A film that glorified the KKK and sparked protests from civil rights groups.

Packing the Supreme Court

FDR's attempt to add justices to secure favorable rulings for New Deal legislation.

Espionage and Sedition Acts

Laws that penalized antiwar activity during WWI, upheld by the Supreme Court.

Stock Market Crash & Black Tuesday

The event marking the start of the Great Depression with the stock market collapse on October 29, 1929.

Dust Bowl and Okies

Environmental disaster leading many displaced farmers to migrate westward.

War Production Board (WWII)

Agency overseeing the conversion of industry to war production during WWII.

Double V Campaign

Movement by African Americans advocating for victories over fascism abroad and racism at home.