PSYCH Ch 6: Learning---Grouping of OPERANT CONDITIONING

Test 2

Operant Conditioning

how we learn based on the consequences of our actions; a simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in a behavior bc it is reinforced; we “operate” on our environment

The Law of Effect

Behaviors that are rewarded are repeated, those that aren't rewarded, aren't repeated

Reinforcer

anything that increases the probability of a behavior

Punisher

anything that decreases the probability of a behavior

Positive (in terms of reinforcers/punishers)

something is presented / given / added to the learner

Negative (in terms of reinforcers/punishers)

something is taken away / subtracted from the learner

Positive Reinforcer

Present something desired to reward and encourage behavior

ex: A primary element of our capitalist society (money)

Negative Reinforcer

Remove something dreaded to reward and encourage behavior; encouraging repetition by taking away something unwanted (like fear or pain)

ex: Trying any behavior (action) that takes away migraine pain, period cramps, RLS

Positive Punishment

Present something dreaded to discourage behavior

ex: Embarrassing someone to discourage them from a behavior

Negative Punishment

Remove something desired to discourage behavior; also referred to as Omission Training

ex: Taking away a phone from a kid to discourage behavior

Antecedent

clues BEFORE punishment/reinforcement

ex: BOGO banner (a clue in the environment that rewards are available, and lack of it will also be picked up on): the banner is just an indicator, isn’t the reward itself

Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence

What are the “ABCs” of Operant Conditioning?

Shaping

breaking conditioning into similar and similar parts of the goal to reach it

ex: teaching pigeons to play ping pong

Continuous, Fixed Ratio, Variable Ratio, Fixed Interval, Variable Interval

What are the different types of Schedules of Reinforcement?

Continuous

Type of reinforcement where 1 behavior = 1 reinforcement

Fixed Ratio (FRx)

every x^th behavior is reinforced

ex: ___10 Schedule = do something 10 times then get reward

Variable Ratio (VRx)

on average, every x^th behavior is reinforced

ex: __5 = on average, every 5th behavior is rewarded, but it could be every 7th, 12th, e

Fixed Interval (FIn)

behavior is rewarded after n minutes

ex: __60 at minimum wage job is $15 every 60 minutes

Variable Interval (VIn)

On average, behavior is rewarded after n minutes

ex: Facebook intentionally used a ___ Schedule to give algorithmic posts every once in a while to get people addicted to social media

Ratio Schedules with Smaller Ratios

Which results in faster learning?

Premack Principle

IF undesired behavior, THEN desired behavior

ex: If you eat your vegetables, then you get to play

the learner

Who initiates learning for Operant Conditioning?

an outside agent

Who initiates learning for Classical Conditioning?