Forms and Contexts of Communication

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering verbal and non-verbal forms of communication, paralanguage, sensory and symbolic codes, functions of non-verbal cues, and situational and social contexts.

Verbal Communication

A form of communication consisting of both spoken and written words, encompassing the processes of reading, writing, listening, and speaking.

Non-verbal Communication

The process of sending and receiving messages without using words, utilizing visual appearance, body language, posture, gestures, and vocal sounds to convey meaning.

Oral Communication

A form of verbal communication that uses spoken or recorded words to transfer messages verbally through channels such as face-to-face conversations, speeches, meetings, and telephone or video calls.

Written Communication

A form of verbal communication involving letters and symbols that may be typed, printed, handwritten, or voice-translated, conveyed through mediums such as emails, memos, letters, and reports.

Body Language

A non-verbal communication element that includes facial expressions, gestures such as waving and pointing, hand movements, and physical posture to reinforce or convey messages.

Proxemics

A form of non-verbal communication defining the use of space, including physical distance between individuals during interaction, room size, lighting, and furnishings.

Haptics

Non-verbal communication transmitted through touch, such as a handshake, a stroke of the shoulder, a kiss, or a pat on the head, used to convey feelings like empathy and understanding.

Paralanguage (Vocalics)

The vocal aspects surrounding spoken words that add dimension and emotional meaning, categorized into how people speak (pitch, volume, rate, tone), human sounds (laughter, cries), and interjections.

Interjections

A category of paralanguage comprising expressions such as 'oh', 'eh', 'ugh', and 'hmm' that carry specific meanings of acceptance, agreement, uncertainty, disgust, or displeasure.

Written Paralanguage

Non-verbal features in informal written or electronic communication—such as capitalizing letters to denote shouting, increasing font sizes, using multiple exclamation marks, or including emoticons—to convey tone and emotion.

Artefacts

Objects possessed or worn—such as jewellery, clothing, or vehicles—that communicate information about a person's image, lifestyle, taste, choices, or group affiliation, often shaping first impressions and stereotypes.

Time (in Non-verbal Communication)

The communicative use of timing and punctuality, such as arriving late signaling disrespect, keeping a visitor waiting asserting authority, or using deliberate pauses to capture audience attention.

Cultural Relativity of Gestures

The principle that non-verbal gestures carry different meanings across cultures; for example, a 'thumbs-up' is positive in the Western world but rude in Arab culture, and avoiding eye contact when disciplined is expected in the Caribbean but seen as rude in the West.

Eye Contact (Gaze)

Looking at someone or something intently to demonstrate interest and hold attention, whereas avoiding it often communicates insecurity, hesitation, or unfriendliness.

Semaphore

A visual communication system that uses two flags held in different defined positions to symbolically represent letters of the alphabet.

Substituting (Function of Non-verbal Communication)

A basic function where a non-verbal behavior directly replaces spoken words, such as waving goodbye instead of speaking or pointing with the head to indicate someone.

Reinforcing (Function of Non-verbal Communication)

A basic function where non-verbal communication complements or emphasizes a verbal message, such as nodding one's head while saying 'yes' or pounding a table during an argument.

Context of Communication

The overall environment and background of a communicative event, including what the event is about, why it occurs, where it takes place, and the relationships and roles of the participants.

Formal Situation

A point on the communication spectrum where an individual's behavior and dialogue are strictly governed by established social norms and patterns.

Informal Situation

A point on the communication spectrum where there are no rigid constraints or preset social requirements governing behavior and communication.

Situational Context

The physical and thematic aspect of communication context that considers where an event takes place (e.g., in court, at a bar), why it takes place (e.g., at a funeral, rally), and what it is about (e.g., sports results, health).

Social Context

The interpersonal and cultural aspect of communication context that considers who is participating, the participants' relationships and status, their cultural background, and external media influences.