Intro to Anatomy: Skin & Bones Study Guide

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering general anatomy tissues, the integumentary system, skin pathology, bone biology, and joint classifications.

Epithelial Tissue

The tissue that lines all internal organs (e.g., skin); it is the fastest healing tissue in the body.

Connective Tissue

Tissue that connects and binds structures (e.g., bone, fat, blood, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments); it is the second fastest healing tissue in the body.

Muscle Tissue

The only tissue capable of contracting to produce movement of the body and substances throughout the body; categorized as a slow healing tissue.

Nervous Tissue

Tissue that sends and receives electrical messages (e.g., brain, spinal cord, nerves); it is the slowest healing tissue in the body.

Integumentary System

The organ system designed to shield internal structures and maintain internal balance.

Skin

The largest organ of the human body.

Epidermis

The superficial layer of the skin.

Dermis

The deep layer of the skin.

Hypodermis

The layer of tissue connected to the dermis that is not considered a true skin layer.

Plantar Warts

A viral skin condition characterized by warts on the feet, caused by HPV and spread through direct contact or contaminated surfaces.

MRSA

A bacterial skin infection caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Herpes

A viral condition that causes cold sores or blisters around the mouth or genitals.

Acne

A skin condition marked by pimples caused by clogged pores and inflammation, with bacterial involvement.

Vitiligo

A non-infectious condition causing the loss of skin pigment, resulting in white patches (neither viral, bacterial, nor fungal).

Impetigo

A contagious bacterial skin infection that causes sores.

Ringworm

A fungal skin condition best treated using anti-fungal creams.

Malignant Melanoma

The most lethal type of skin cancer; presents as an unusual, changing, or new mole on the skin.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A type of skin cancer that appears as a firm, red or skin-colored bump, a scaly patch, or an open sore that does not heal.

Basal Cell Carcinoma

The least lethal type of skin cancer; appears as a shiny, translucent bump, a pink growth with a rolled edge, an open sore that won't heal, or a flat scar-like patch on sun-exposed skin.

ABCDE Rule

A diagnostic guide used to detect malignant melanoma: Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter ($> 6\,\text{mm}$), and Evolving shape, size, or color.

Osteoblasts

Bone forming and building cells.

Osteoclasts

Bone destroying cells that break down old bone.

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells.

Synovial Membrane

A slick lining located on the inside of a synovial joint.

Joint Capsule

A sac-like envelope made of connective tissue that surrounds and encloses a synovial joint.

Hyaline Cartilage

The most common and abundant type of connective tissue in the human body; it also composes the early fetal skeleton.

Tendon

A tough rope-like band of dense fibrous connective tissue that connects muscles to bones.

Ligament

A tough, fibrous band of connective tissue that connects bone to bone or holds internal organs in place.

Axial Skeleton

The skeletal division consisting of the skull, vertebrae, and thoracic cage.

Appendicular Skeleton

The skeletal division consisting of the limbs of the body, shoulders, hips, arms, and legs.

Articular Cartilage

The specific type of cartilage located at the ends of long bones.

Bone Marrow

The soft tissue that fills the medullary cavity within bones.

Red Bone Marrow

The specific tissue location within bones where blood cell formation occurs.

Articulation

The technical anatomical term for a joint.

Epiphyseal Plate

A layer of cartilage commonly known as the growth plate found in growing long bones.

Epiphyseal Line

The remnant line formed in an adult bone after the epiphyseal plate (growth plate) stops growing and closes.

Scoliosis

A skeletal condition characterized by an abnormal sideways curvature of the spine.

Lordosis

A skeletal condition characterized by an exaggerated inward curve of the lower back.

Kyphosis

A skeletal condition characterized by an excessive outward curve of the upper back.

Osteoporosis

A progressive skeletal disease characterized by weak, brittle bones.

Osteoarthritis

A degenerative joint disease caused by the wear and tear of joint cartilage.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

An autoimmune disorder in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the joints.

Rickets

A bone condition in children characterized by soft, weak bones, often resulting from a vitamin D deficiency.

Femur

The strongest and longest bone in the human body.

Fibrous Joint

A structural joint type that is immovable.

Cartilaginous Joint

A structural joint type that is slightly moveable (semi-moveable).

Synovial Joint

A structural joint type that is freely moveable.

Epithelial Tissue

The tissue that lines all internal organs (e.g., skin); it is the fastest healing tissue in the body.

Connective Tissue

Tissue that connects and binds structures (e.g., bone, fat, blood, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments); it is the second fastest healing tissue in the body.

Muscle Tissue

The only tissue capable of contracting to produce movement of the body and substances throughout the body; categorized as a slow healing tissue.

Nervous Tissue

Tissue that sends and receives electrical messages (e.g., brain, spinal cord, nerves); it is the slowest healing tissue in the body.

Integumentary System

The organ system designed to shield internal structures and maintain internal balance.

Skin

The largest organ of the human body.

Epidermis

The superficial layer of the skin.

Dermis

The deep layer of the skin.

Hypodermis

The layer of tissue connected to the dermis that is not considered a true skin layer.

Plantar Warts

A viral condition characterized by rough, hard growths on the soles of the feet with tiny dark specks, caused by HPV.

MRSA

A bacterial skin infection caused by antibiotic-resistant staphylococcus bacteria.

Herpes

A viral condition that causes painful sores or blisters around the mouth or genitals.

Acne

A skin condition marked by pimples caused by clogged pores and inflammation, with bacterial involvement.

Vitiligo

A non-infectious condition causing the loss of skin pigment, resulting in white patches (neither viral, bacterial, nor fungal).

Impetigo

A contagious bacterial skin infection caused by staph or strep that produces red sores forming honey-colored crusts.

Ringworm

A fungal skin condition presenting as a red, circular, itchy rash, best treated with anti-fungal creams.

Malignant Melanoma

The most lethal type of skin cancer; presents as an unusual, changing, or new mole on the skin.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A type of skin cancer that appears as a firm, red or skin-colored bump, a scaly patch, or an open sore that does not heal.

Basal Cell Carcinoma

The least lethal type of skin cancer; appears as a shiny, translucent bump, a pink growth with a rolled edge, an open sore that won't heal, or a flat scar-like patch on sun-exposed skin.

ABCDE Rule

A diagnostic guide used to detect malignant melanoma: Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter ($> 6\,\text{mm}$), and Evolving shape, size, or color.

Osteoblasts

Bone forming and building cells.

Osteoclasts

Bone destroying cells that break down old bone.

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells.

Synovial Membrane

A slick inner lining found within freely moveable joint capsules.

Joint Capsule

A sac-like envelope made of connective tissue that surrounds and encloses a moveable articulation.

Hyaline Cartilage

The most common and abundant type of connective tissue in the human body; it also composes the early fetal skeleton.

Tendon

A tough rope-like band of dense fibrous connective tissue that connects muscles to bones.

Ligament

A tough, fibrous band of connective tissue that connects bone to bone or holds internal organs in place.

Axial Skeleton

The skeletal division consisting of the skull, vertebrae, and thoracic cage.

Appendicular Skeleton

The skeletal division consisting of the limbs of the body, shoulders, hips, arms, and legs.

Articular Cartilage

The specific type of cartilage located at the ends of long bones that cushions joints and reduces friction.

Bone Marrow

The soft tissue that fills the medullary cavity within bones.

Red Bone Marrow

The specific tissue location within bones where blood cell formation occurs.

Articulation

The technical anatomical term for a joint or junction between bones.

Epiphyseal Plate

A layer of cartilage commonly known as the growth plate found in growing long bones.

Epiphyseal Line

The remnant line formed in an adult bone after the growth plate stops growing and closes.

Scoliosis

A skeletal condition characterized by an abnormal sideways curvature of the spine.

Lordosis

A skeletal condition characterized by an exaggerated inward curve of the lower back.

Kyphosis

A skeletal condition characterized by an excessive outward curve of the upper back.

Osteoporosis

A progressive skeletal disease characterized by weak, brittle, and porous bones.

Osteoarthritis

A degenerative joint disease caused by the wear and tear of articular cartilage.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

An autoimmune disorder in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the joints.

Rickets

A bone condition in children characterized by soft, weak bones, often resulting from a vitamin D deficiency.

Femur

The strongest and longest bone in the human body.

Fibrous Joint

A structural joint type that is immovable.

Cartilaginous Joint

A structural joint type that is slightly moveable (semi-moveable).

Synovial Joint

A structural joint type that is freely moveable.

Human Anatomy

The scientific study of the physical shape, size, and structure of the body and its parts.

Human Physiology

The scientific study of how body structures function and work together.

Kinesiology

The scientific study of human movement and mechanics.

Levels of Structural Organization

The biological hierarchy of the human body: $\text{Cells} \rightarrow \text{Tissues} \rightarrow \text{Organs} \rightarrow \text{Organ Systems} \rightarrow \text{Organism}$.

Three Types of Muscle Tissue

Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle.

Primary Body Systems in Athletic Training

The four organ systems athletic trainers focus on most: integumentary, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and nervous.