unit 3 sensory system

biol 2404 acc

This is the conscious interpretation of sensory information.

sensory perception

These are sensory structures that respond to specific stimuli from the external or internal environment.

sensory receptors

Usually, stimulus energy is converted into ___. These trigger __ which send information to the brain for interpretation.

receptor potentials; action potentials

Hair cells ___ when the hairs bend towards the kinocilium and they ___ when the hairs (stereocilia) bend away from the kinocilium.

depolarize; hyperpolarize

Which of these receptors is not matched with its proper function?

gustatory receptors; detect odorant molecules

These sensory structures are located only in the head.

special senses

All of these are sensory receptors for general senses except

olfactory receptors

These receptors respond to mechanical forces. They are used to detect touch, stretch, and position.

mechanoreceptors

These receptors respond to excess stimuli that might be harmful. They are used to detect pain.

nociceptors

These receptors respond to changes in temperature. They are used to detect hot and cold temperatures.

thermoreceptors

These receptors respond to photons of light. They are used to detect vision.

photoreceptors

These receptors respond to chemicals dissolved in solution. They are used to detect smell and taste.

chemoreceptors

Nerves formed by the axons of olfactory receptor cells pass through openings in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone. They synapse with cells in the olfactory __.

bulbs

Axons of the olfactory receptor cells form this cranial nerve.

CN I, Olfactory nerve

Olfactory messages are sent to the thalamus and primary olfactory cortex by way of the olfactory __.

tracts

The paired olfactory receptors are found in the __ region of the nasal cavity.

superior

Olfactory receptors detect odorant molecules dissolved in water (mucus).

True

Humans can detect all these distinct taste sensations except

spicy

Gustatory receptors are found in __ located on the tongue, pharynx, and larynx.

taste buds

This cranial nerve transmits gustatory information from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.

CN VII, Facial nerve

This cranial nerve transmits gustatory information from the pharynx and larynx.

CN X, Vagus nerve

This cranial nerve transmits gustatory information from the posterior one-third of the tongue.

CN IX, Glossopharyngeal nerve

This is a set of six muscles that attach to the outer eyeball and move the eyeball.

extrinsic eye muscles

These glands produce tears.

lacrimal glands

This transparent mucous membrane produces lubricating mucus. It covers the outer surface of the eye (except the cornea) and inner eyelid surfaces.

conjunctiva

This is the gelatinous fluid that is found in the posterior cavity.

vitreous humor

This is the fluid-filled space in front of the lens.

anterior cavity

This is the watery fluid that is found in the anterior cavity.

aqueous humor

This is the fluid-filled space behind the lens.

posterior cavity

The sclera and cornea make up this outer layer of the eye.

fibrous tunic

The iris, ciliary body, and choroid make up this middle layer of the eye.

vascular tunic

This is the neural tunic with pigmented cells, rods, cones, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells.

retina

This is the blind spot where the optic nerve exits the eye. There are no photoreceptors here.

optic disc

This is the center of focus in the macula lutea of the retina. It contains large numbers of cones.

fovea centralis

This structure changes shape to allow precise focusing of light on the retina.

lens

This is the correct pathway of light waves through the eye.

cornea, anterior cavity, pupil, lens, vitreous humor, retina

Identify the structure labeled “B” on the drawing of the retinal layers below.

bipolar cell

Identify the structure labeled “C” on the drawing of the retinal layers below.

rod

Identify the structure labeled “A” on the drawing of the retinal layers below.

ganglion cell

Identify the structure labeled “D” on the drawing of the retinal layers below.

cone

These are the photoreceptors involved in black-and-white vision

rods

These photoreceptors have little convergence in the retinal pathway.

cones

These are the photoreceptors responsible for vision in dim light.

rods

These photoreceptors have high convergence in the retinal pathway.

rods

These are the photoreceptors responsible for vision in bright light.

cones

These are the photoreceptors involved in color vision.

cones

Identify the cranial nerve labeled (4) in the visual pathway flow chart below.

CN II, Optic nerve

Identify the structure labeled (5) in the visual pathway flow chart below.

optic chiasma

Identify the structure labeled (2) in the visual pathway flow chart below.

bipolar cells

Identify the structure labeled (3) in the visual pathway flow chart below.

ganglion cells

Identify the structure labeled (6) in the visual pathway flow chart below.

optic tract

When the eye focuses on closer objects, the lens becomes ____.

round

When the eye focuses on distant objects, the lens becomes ____.

flat

These ligaments from the ciliary muscles attach to the lens, allowing it to change shape and focus light on the fovea centralis.

suspensory ligaments

What is the correct order of auditory ossicles, starting with the tympanic membrane?

malleus, incus, stapes

The auditory tube connects the

middle ear and nasopharynx

Which structures are found in the outer ear?

pinna, external auditory canal, tympanic membrane

Which structures are found in the middle ear?

malleus, incus, stapes

The oval window and round window separate the

middle ear and inner ear

The tympanic membrane separates the

outer ear and middle ear

Which structures are found in the inner ear?

membranous and bony labyrinths

Perilymph is the fluid that fills up the space

within the membranous labyrinth

Which structures make up the bony labyrinth?

cochlea, semicircular canals, vestibule

Endolymph is the fluid that fills up the space

within the membranous labyrinth

Which structures make up the membranous labyrinth?

cochlear duct, semicircular ducts, saccule, utricle

Which fluid touches the hair cell receptors?

endolymph

The hair cells in these receptor organs are responsible for hearing.

organ of Corti in cochlear duct

The hair cells in these receptor organs are responsible for static equilibrium.

maculae in saccule and utricle

The hair cells in these receptor organs are responsible for dynamic equilibrium.

ampulla in semicircular ducts

Identify the cranial nerve labeled (3) on the auditory pathway flow chart below.

CN VIII, Vestibulocochlear nerve

Identify the structure labeled (2) on the auditory pathway flow chart below.

sensory neurons

Identify the structure of the midbrain labeled (5) on the auditory pathway flow chart below.

inferior colliculi

Identify the part of the brain labeled (4) on the auditory pathway flow chart below.

medulla oblongata