Immunology Quiz 1

What are the three major hematopoietic cell lineages?

Lymphoid, myeloid, and erythroid.

What is the lymphoid lineage?

The lineage that gives rise to B cells, T cells, NK cells, and ILCs.

What is the myeloid lineage?

The lineage that gives rise to neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells.

What is the erythroid lineage?

The lineage that gives rise to red blood cells.

Which lineage do B cells come from?

Lymphoid.

Which lineage do T cells come from?

Lymphoid.

Which lineage do plasma cells come from?

Lymphoid.

Which lineage do neutrophils come from?

Myeloid.

Which lineage do eosinophils come from?

Myeloid.

Which lineage do basophils come from?

Myeloid.

Which lineage do monocytes come from?

Myeloid.

Which lineage do macrophages come from?

Myeloid.

Which lineage do dendritic cells come from?

Myeloid.

Which lineage do mast cells come from?

Myeloid.

What type of immunity do B cells participate in?

Adaptive immunity.

What is the major function of B cells?

They recognize antigens and can differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies.

What type of immunity do plasma cells participate in?

Adaptive immunity.

What is the major function of plasma cells?

They secrete antibodies.

What type of immunity do T cells participate in?

Adaptive immunity.

What is the major function of T cells?

Helper T cells activate other immune cells, while cytotoxic T cells attack infected cells.

What type of immunity do neutrophils participate in?

Innate immunity.

What is the major function of neutrophils?

They rapidly phagocytose and destroy pathogens, especially bacteria.

What type of immunity do macrophages participate in?

Primarily innate immunity, with a role connecting to adaptive immunity through antigen presentation.

What is the major function of macrophages?

They engulf pathogens and dead material and produce cytokines that promote inflammation.

What type of immunity do monocytes participate in?

Innate immunity.

What is the major function of monocytes?

They circulate in the blood and can differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells.

What type of immunity do eosinophils participate in?

Innate immunity.

What is the major function of eosinophils?

They help defend against multicellular pathogens and participate in allergy and inflammation.

What type of immunity do basophils participate in?

Innate immunity.

What is the major function of basophils?

They participate in inflammatory and allergic responses.

What type of immunity do mast cells participate in?

Innate immunity.

What is the major function of mast cells?

They promote inflammation and allergic responses by releasing stored mediators.

What type of immunity do dendritic cells participate in?

They participate in innate immunity and connect innate immunity to adaptive immunity.

What is the major function of dendritic cells?

They capture and process pathogens and present antigen to T cells.

Which cell is especially important for connecting innate and adaptive immunity?

Dendritic cells.

Which cells are the major antibody-producing cells?

Plasma cells.

Which cells can differentiate into plasma cells?

B cells.

Which cells are rapid, short-lived phagocytes?

Neutrophils.

Which cells are long-lived tissue phagocytes?

Macrophages.

What are the two primary lymphoid tissues?

Bone marrow and thymus.

What are the three major secondary lymphoid tissues?

Lymph nodes, spleen, and MALT.

What is the main role of primary lymphoid tissues?

They are where immune cells develop and mature.

What happens in the bone marrow?

Blood cells are produced, and B cells mature there.

What happens in the thymus?

T cells develop and mature there.

What is the main role of secondary lymphoid tissues?

They are sites where immune cells encounter antigens and become activated.

What is the main function of lymph nodes?

They filter lymph and provide a place for antigen presentation and lymphocyte activation.

What is the main function of the spleen?

It filters blood and responds to antigens found in the blood.

What is MALT?

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue.

Where is MALT found?

At mucosal surfaces, including tissues such as GALT and BALT.

What does GALT stand for?

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue.

What does BALT stand for?

Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue.

What is an easy way to remember primary lymphoid tissues?

Primary = where immune cells prepare/mature.

What is an easy way to remember secondary lymphoid tissues?

Secondary = where immune cells meet antigens and become activated.

What are the three types of immediate innate defenses?

Physical, chemical, and biological defenses.

What is an example of a physical innate defense?

Skin, epithelium, tight junctions, mucus, and tears/fluids.

What is an example of a chemical innate defense?

Acidic pH, lysozyme, defensins, and complement.

What is an example of a biological innate defense?

Microbiota that compete with pathogens for nutrients and space.

How do microbiota help protect the body?

They compete with pathogens and can help with digestion and immune development.

What is a PAMP?

A pathogen-associated molecular pattern.

What does PAMP stand for?

Pathogen-associated molecular pattern.

What is a PRR?

A pattern recognition receptor.

What does PRR stand for?

Pattern recognition receptor.

What does a PRR recognize?

PAMPs.

What happens when a PAMP binds to a PRR?

It triggers an innate immune response.

What is the basic sequence for PAMP and PRR recognition?

PAMP binds to PRR, which triggers an innate immune response.

What are TLRs?

Toll-like receptors, which are a type of pattern recognition receptor.

What do plasma membrane TLRs detect?

Extracellular microbial components.

What do endosomal TLRs detect?

Nucleic acids.

Which TLR recognizes bacterial lipoproteins?

TLR1.

Which TLR recognizes lipoteichoic acid and cell-wall components?

TLR2.

Which TLR recognizes double-stranded RNA?

TLR3.

Which TLR recognizes LPS?

TLR4.

Which TLR recognizes flagellin?

TLR5.

Which TLR recognizes diacyl lipopeptides?

TLR6.

Which TLR recognizes single-stranded RNA?

TLR7.

Which TLR recognizes single-stranded RNA and phagocytosed bacterial RNA?

TLR8.

Which TLR recognizes CpG DNA?

TLR9.

Which TLR has an unknown function in the slides?

TLR10.

Which TLRs recognize profilin from Toxoplasma?

TLR11 and TLR12.

Which TLR recognizes bacterial ribosomal RNA?

TLR13.

What pathway involves MyD88?

MyD88 activates NF-κB, leading to inflammatory gene expression and cytokine production.

What does NF-κB help produce?

Inflammatory gene expression and cytokines.

What pathway involves TRIF/TRAM?

TRIF/TRAM activates IRF3 and IRF7, leading to IFN-α and IFN-β production.

What is the function of IFN-α and IFN-β?

They promote an antiviral response.

What is phagocytosis?

The process in which a cell captures, engulfs, and destroys a pathogen or other material.

How can phagocytes recognize extracellular pathogens?

Through ligand-receptor interactions such as PAMPs binding to PRRs or through opsonin receptors.

What are opsonins?

Molecules that coat or tag pathogens and help phagocytes recognize and engulf them.

What do complement receptors recognize?

Complement-coated pathogens.

What do Fc receptors recognize?

Antibody-coated pathogens.

What happens after a phagocyte receptor binds a pathogen?

The receptors cluster and the pathogen is engulfed.

What is a phagosome?

The compartment containing the engulfed pathogen.

What happens when a phagosome fuses with a lysosome?

A phagolysosome is formed.

What is a phagolysosome?

A compartment formed when a phagosome fuses with a lysosome to destroy and degrade the engulfed material.

How does the phagolysosome destroy pathogens?

Through low pH, enzymes, antimicrobial proteins, and antimicrobial peptides.

What is the major purpose of phagocytosis?

To capture and destroy extracellular pathogens or other harmful material.

Which cytokines are associated with inflammation?

TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6.

Which cytokine attracts neutrophils and basophils?

CXCL8.

Which cytokine recruits and activates NK cells?

IL-12.

Which cytokines have an antiviral function?

IFN-α and IFN-β.

What happens to pro-IL-1 during inflammasome activation?

Caspase-1 processes pro-IL-1 into active IL-1.