mcb

nonsense mutation

a stop codon is put in place of an amino acid early

frameshift mutation

nucleotides are deleted/inserted (groups of three)

missense mutation

amino acid is changed by mistake

silent mutation

no change in the protein product because it still codes for the same amino acid

topiosmerases

relaxes the supercoiling in the DNA strange w/ DNA gyrase

endonucleases

cut nucleic acids/DNA WITHIN the strand

exonucleases

cut nucleic acids/DNA on the ENDS of the strand

photolyases

repairs pyrimidine dimers formed from UV light

transformation

cell picks up naked/free DNA

Conjugation

direct contact cell to cell

Transduction

when bacterial DNA from a donor cell is transferred to a recipient cell via a bacteriophage.

Direct Elisa

a technique used to detect and quantify proteins or antibodies in a sample by immobilizing them on a solid surface. indicates active/current infection.

Indirect Elisa

a technique used to detect and quantify proteins or antibodies in a sample by using a secondary antibody that binds to the target, allowing for amplified detection. Indicating past infection or immune response.

Western blotting

a method used to detect specific proteins in a sample through gel electrophoresis, followed by transfer to a membrane and probing with antibodies.

Slide agglugination

detect antigens/antibodies by observing the clumping of cells or particles on a slide, helping to identify specific infections or immune responses.

Immunofloresence

visualize specific proteins/antigens in cells or tissue sections using fluorescently labeled antibodies under a fluorescence microscope.

O antigen

lipopolysaccharide component of the outer cell wall

H antigen

protein of the flagella

K protein

capsule antigen surrounding the bacterium

plaque method

a clear zone in a bacterial lawn caused by the lysis of bacteria by viruses or phages.

reverse transcriptase

an enzyme that synthesizes DNA from an RNA template, commonly found in retroviruses.