Ch 23 Learning Objectives

Respiratory System

23.1.1 List and explain the functions of the respiratory system.

23.1.2 Compare and contrast the structural organization and the functional organization of the respiratory system.

23.1.3 Describe the structure of the mucosa that lines the respiratory tract and the structural changes observed along its length.

23.1.4 Explain the function of mucus produced by the mucosa.

23.2.5 Describe the structure and function of the nose and nasal cavity.

23.2.6 Identify the four paired paranasal sinuses and describe their functions.

23.2.7 Compare the three regions of the pharynx, and identify and describe their associated structures.

23.2.8 Identify and describe the structure and general functions of the larynx.

23.2.9 Explain how the larynx produces sounds.

23.3.10 Identify and describe the structure and function of the trachea.

23.3.11 Identify and describe the structural subdivisions of the bronchial tree.

23.3.12 Explain the processes of bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation.

23.3.13 Identify and describe the structure and function of the components of the respiratory zone.

23.3.14 List three types of cells found in alveoli, and describe the function of each.

23.3.15 Describe the structure and function of the respiratory membrane.

23.4.16 Identify and describe the general structure of the lungs.

23.3.17 Compare and contrast the right versus left lung.

23.4.18 Compare and contrast the two types of blood circulation through the lungs.

23.4.19 Describe the innervation of the lungs by the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system.

23.4.20 Identify and describe the pleural membranes and the function of serous fluid within the pleural cavity.

23.4.21 Explain the properties that keep lungs inflated.

23.5.22 Define the general concept of ventilation and the specific physiologic process of pulmonary ventilation.

23.5.23 Explain how pressure gradients are established by skeletal muscles of breathing and result in pulmonary ventilation.

23.5.24 Explain the relationship between pressure and volume as described by Boyle’s law.

23.5.25 Compare and contrast quiet and forced breathing.

23.5.26 Describe the anatomic structures involved in regulating breathing.

23.5.27 Explain the physiologic events associated with controlling quiet breathing.

23.5.28 Explain the different reflexes that alter breathing rate and depth.

23.5.29 Compare and contrast autonomic nervous system innervation of structures of the respiratory system and the somatic nervous system innervation of the skeletal muscles involved in breathing.

23.5.30 Define airflow.

23.5.31 Explain how pressure gradients and resistance determine airflow.

23.5.32 Compare and contrast minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation, and explain the significance of each.

23.5.33 Describe the relationship between anatomic dead space and physiologic dead space.

23.5.34 Define the four different respiratory volume measurements and explain how the four respiratory capacities are calculated from the volume measurements.

23.5.35 Define and explain the significance of forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume (FEV), and maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV).

23.6.36 Define partial pressure and explain how its is altered with changes in total pressure and the percentage of a gas.

23.6.37 Describe a partial pressure gradient and the movement of a gas relative to its partial pressure gradient.

23.5.38 Explain the laws that govern gas solubility.

23.5.39 Describe pulmonary gas exchange and the partial pressure gradients responsible.

23.6.40 Name the two anatomic features of the respiratory membrane that contribute to efficient pulmonary gas exchange.

23.6.41 Explain ventilation-perfusion coupling and how it maximizes pulmonary gas exchange.

23.6.42 Explain tissue gas exchange.

23.6.43 Compare and contrast pulmonary and tissue gas exchange.

23.7.44 Explain why hemoglobin is essential to oxygen transport.

23.7.45 Describe the three ways carbon dioxide is transported in the blood.

23.7.46 Explain oxygen binding to hemoglobin and the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve.

23.7.47 Describe hemoglobin as a transport molecule and what occurs during pulmonary and tissue gas exchange.

23.8.48 Explain how hyperventilation and hypoventilation influence the chemical composition of blood.

23.8.49 Describe how breathing rate and depth affect venous return of blood and lymph.

23.8.50 Explain the changes in breathing that accompany exercise.