Anatomy Exam 2 Final Review

Synnovial

Joint made of articular capsule + ligaments

Plane (intercarpal, femoropatellar)

Type of synovial joint with no axis, gliding/sliding (example)

Pivot (neck = atlantoaxial)

Type of synovial joint w/ 1 axis for rotation (example)

Condyloid (knuckle)

Type of biaxial synovial joint that consists of an oval shaped articulate w/ an elliptical depression (example)

Saddle (thumb)

Type of biaxial synovial joint in which both articular surfaces are concave in one direction + convex in another (example)

Ligament

Dense regular CT connects bones, strength + support

Articular disc (menisci)

Fibrocartilage w/I some synovial joints (example)

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Inflamed tendon sheaths compress nerve

Tibiofemoral joint

Biaxial hinge joint, flexion/extension/rotation, bears body weight

Femeropatellar jonit

Plane joint, gliding

Femur, patella, tibia

3 types of bones in knee

ACL

Prevents anterior sliding of tibia

PCL

Prevents anterior sliding of femur

Tibial/medial collateral ligament (MCL, TCL)

Attaches to meniscus, often torn together

Fine control, force

Small motor unit = more ______, less ______

Epimysium

Dense irregular CT surrounds entire muscle

Endomysium

Loose areolar CT surrounds muscle fiber

Sarcomere, I band, H band

Shortens during muscle contraction

Actin

Thin filament slides past myosin during contraction

Sarcolemma

Plasma membrane surrounds muscle fiber

T tubule

Carries electrical impulse into fiber

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Stores + pumps calcium

Parallel

Fascicle arrangement w/ the greatest shortening ability

Convergent

Fascicle arrangement w/ intermediate shortening/force abilities

Pennate

Fascicle arrangement w/ greatest force

Epi, lamini propria, muscularis mucosae

Components of mucosa

Protection, secretion, absorption

Functions of mucosa

CT, vascular, glands, submucosal plexus

Components of submucosa

Support, secretion regulation

Functions of submucosa

Peristalsis + segmentation

Functions of muscularis externa

Myenteric nerve plexus

GI motility in muscularis externa

Submucosal nerve plexus

Secretion + mucus movement through muscularis mucosae

Parotid

Gland near ear, saliva

Submandibular

Gland beneath mandible, serous + mucus

Sublingual

Gland beneath tongue, mucus

Esophagus

Transitions from skeletal to smooth muscle

Adventitia layer

Stomach

Gastrin stiumlates gastric secretions, HCl activates pepsinogen, pepsin digests proteins

Gastric pits, mucus neck, parietal, chief, enteroendocrine cells

Small intestine

Chem digestion + nutrient absorption

Enterocyte, goblet, enteroendocrine, paneth

Large Intestine

Water absorption, fecal storage, propulsion

Colonocytes, numerous goblet cells

Enteroendocrine

Cells that secrete gastrin in stomach + secretin/CCK in small intestine

Enterocyte

Cells that complete digestion + absorb nutrients across microvilli in the large intestine

Hepatic veins

Blood moves from sinusoids to ______

Duodenum

Bile moves from hepatocytes to

Hepatocytes

Main cells of liver: bile production, nutrient processing, storage, detox

Exocrine acinar

Digestive enzyme cells found in Pancreas

Bicarbonate

Neutralizes acidic chyme

Bile

Emulsifies fats

Produced in liver, stored in gallbladder

CCK

In response to fats, bile release

Secretin

In response to acidic chyme, stimulates secretion of bicarbonate

Incisors, canines, premolars, molars

Order of teeth

Enamel, dentin, pulp, cementum, periodontal ligament

Layers of teeth

Dense bodies + intermediate filaments

Makes up smooth muscle instead of sarcomeres

Brunners glands, goblet cells

____ secrete alkaline mucus, while ____ secrete protective mucus in the small intestine

Lamina propria

Loose CT in mucosa containing blood capillaries + lacteals

Dense irregular

Type of CT that comprises strongest portion of articular capsule

Mucosa + serosa

Layers of alimentary canal w/ epithelium

Longitudinal

Layer of smooth muscle responsible for peristalsis