Muscles

Frontallis

Actions: Raises eyebrows, wrinkling

Nerve name: Facial nerve/Cranial VII (7)

Orbicularis Oculi

Actions: Eye blinking

Nerve name: Facial nerve/Cranial VII (7)

Orbicularis Oris

Actions: Opening and closing of mouth

Nerve name: Facial nerve/Cranial VII (7)

Buccinator

Actions: Flattens cheek

Nerve name: Facial nerve/Cranial VII (7)

Zygomaticus

Actions: Raises corners of mouth

Nerve name: Facial nerve/Cranial VII (7)

Masseter

Actions: Prime chewing muscle, closes jaw and elevates mandible

Nerve name: Trigeminal nerve/Cranial V (5)

Temporalis

Actions: Synergist chewing muscle, asists in closing jaw

Nerve name: Trigeminal nerve/Cranial V (5)

What muscles produce the action of chewing?

Prime Mover: Masseter

Synergist: Temporalis

Platysma

Actions: Pulls corners of mouth inferiorly

Nerve name: Facial nerve/Cranial VII (7)

Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)

Actions: Flexes neck and rotates head

Nerve name: Accessory nerve/Cranial XI (11)

Nerve root: C2, C3

Origin: Sternum & Clavical

Insertion: Mastoid process of temporal bone

Trapezius

Actions: Adducts, Elevates and depresses scapula/shoulders, shrugging shoulders

Nerve name: Accessory nerve/Cranial XI (11)

Nerve root: C3, C4

Superior rectus

Actions: Moves eyeball upward

Nerve name: Oculomotor nerve / Cranial III (3)

Inferior rectus

Actions: Moves eyeball downward

Nerve name: Oculomotor nerve / Cranial III (3)

Lateral rectus

Actions: Moves eyeball outward

Nerve name: Abducens nerve / Cranial VI (6)

Medial rectus

Actions: Moves eyeball inward

Nerve name: Oculomotor nerve / Cranial III (3)

Superior Oblique

Actions: Moves eyeball down and out

Nerve name: Trochlear nerve (cranial nerve IV)

Inferior Oblique

Actions: Moves eyeball up and out

Nerve name: Oculomotor nerve / Cranial III (3)

Pectoralis major

Actions: Adducts & flexes humerus, brings arms closer, ex: pushups

Deltoid

Actions: Abducts arm

Nerve name: Axillary nerve

Nerve root: C5

What muscles are involves in adduction of the arm?

Prime Mover: Pectoralis major, Latissimus dorsi

Antagonist: Deltoid (middle fibers)

Synergist: Teres major, Coracobrachialis

Fixator: Rotator cuff muscles

What muscles are involved in abduction of the arm?

Prime Mover: Deltoid (middle fibers)

Antagonist: Pectoralis major, Latissimus dorsi

Synergist: Supraspinatus (First 15 degrees)

Fixator: Rotator cuff muscles (Infraspinous, Teres minor

Biceps Brachii

Actions: Flexion and supination of supination of arm, ex: arm curl

Nerve name: Musculocutaneous nerve

Nerve root: C5, C6

Brachialis

Actions: Synergist for elbow flexion, assists

Nerve name: Musculocutaneous nerve

Nerve root: C5, C6

Brachioradialis

Actions: Synergist for elbow flexion, assists

Nerve name: Radial nerve

Nerve root: C6

What muscles are involved in flexion of the arm?

Prime Mover: Biceps brachii

Antagonist: Triceps brachii

Synergist: Brachialis, Brachioradialis

Fixator: Rotator cuff muscles, Deltoid

Serrus Anterior

Actions: Runs along the ribs, winged scapula

Nerve name: Long thoracic nerve

Nerve root: C5, C6, C7

External Intercostal

Actions: Raises ribcage during inhalation

Nerve name: Intercostal nerves

Nerve root: T1-T11?

Internal Intercostal

Actions: Depresses ribcage during enhalation

Nerve name: Intercostal nerves

Nerve root: T1-T11?

What are the safe muscles for injection?

• Deltoid Muscle

• Gluteus Medius

• Vastus Lateralis

Triceps Brachii

Actions: Elbow extension

Nerve name: Radial nerve

Nerve root: C7

What muscles are involved in arm extension?

Prime Mover: Triceps brachii

Antagonist: Biceps brachii, Brachialis

Synergist: Anconeus

Fixator: Rotator cuff muscles, Deltoid

Rhomboid Major

Actions: Adduct, retract, and elevate scapula

Nerve name: Dorsal scapula nerve

Nerve root: C5

What muscles are involved in scapular adduction?

Prime Mover: Middle Trapezius, and Rhomboids major,

Antagonist: Serratus Anterior

Synergists: Lower Trapezius

Fixators: Rotator Cuff Muscles, Levator Scapulae

Supraspinatous Muscle

Actions: First 15 degrees of arm adduction, synergist in arm adduction

Nerve name: Suprascapular nerve

Nerve root: C5, C6

Latissimus Dorsi

Actions: Extends and adducts humerus (pull ups)

Nerve name: Thoracodorsal nerve

Nerve root: C6, C7, and C8

Errector Spinae

Actions: Back extension, posture muscles (iliocostals, longissimus, spinous)

Nerve root: C1 - L5

Quadratus Lumborum

Actions: Lateral flexion of lumbar spine

Nerve root: T12, L1-L4

What muscles arise from shoulder girdle that cross over to insert on humerus?

• Pectoralis Major

• Latissimus dorsi

• Deltoid

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris

Actions: Wrist flexion

Nerve name: Ulnar nerve

Nerve root: C8, and T1

Flexor Carpi Radialis

Actions: Wrist flexion

Nerve name: Median nerve

Nerve root: C6 and C7

Flexor Digitorum

Actions: Finger flexion

Nerve name: Ulnar and median nerve

Nerve root: C8

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris

Actions: Wrist extension

Nerve name: Interosseous nerve

Nerve root: C7 and C8

Extensor Carpi Radialis

Actions: Wrist extension

Nerve name: Radial nerve

Nerve root: C7 and C8

What muscles are involves in wrist flexion?

Prime Mover: Flexor carpi radialis, Flexor carpi ulnaris

Antagonist: Extensor carpi radialis longus, Extensor carpi radialis brevis, Extensor carpi ulnaris

Synergists: Palmaris longus, Flexor digitorum superficialis, Flexor digitorum profundus

Fixator: Biceps brachii and rotator cuff muscles

What muscles are involves in wrist extension?

Prime Mover: Extensor carpi radialis longus & brevis, Extensor carpi ulnaris

Antagonist: Flexor carpi radialis & ulnaris

Synergists: Extensor digitorum, Extensor indicis

Fixator: Biceps brachii, Rotator cuff muscles

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Extensor Digitorum

Action: Extends the fingers and the wrist

Nerve: Radial nerve

Nerve Root: C8

What muscles are involved in finger flexion?

Prime Mover: Flexor digitorum

Antagonist: Extensor digitorum, Extensor indicis

Synergists: Flexor pollicis longus (for thumb flexion), Lumbricals (assist in flexing the fingers at the metacarpophalangeal joints)

Fixator: Muscles stabilizing the wrist and forearm, such as flexor carpi radialis and ulnaris

What muscles are involved in finger extension?

Prime Mover: Extensor digitorum

Antagonist: Flexor digitorum superficialis, Flexor digitorum profundus

Synergists: Extensor indicis, Extensor digiti minimi

Fixator: Wrist flexors (e.g., flexor carpi radialis)

Pronator Teres

Actions: Pronation

Nerve name: Median nerve

Nerve root: C5 and C6

What muscles are involved in pronation?

Prime Mover: Pronator teres, Pronator quadratus

Antagonist: Supinator, Biceps brachii

Synergists: Flexor carpi radialis

Fixator: Muscles stabilizing the elbow and shoulder, like the biceps brachii and rotator cuff

Abductor Pollicis Brevis

Actions: Thumb abduction

Nerve name: Median nerve

Nerve root: C8

Abductor Digiti Minimi

Action: Abducts the little finger (5th digit)

Nerve Name: Ulnar nerve

Nerve Root: C8

What nerve is in the carpal tunnel?

Median on the radial side

What nerve is in the tunnel of guyon?

Ulnar on the ulnar side

Rectus Abdominis

Action: Flexes the vertebral column, compresses abdominal contents

Nerve Name: Lower Intercostal nerves

Nerve Root: T7–T11, T12

External Oblique

Action: Flexes and rotates the vertebral column, compresses abdominal contents

Nerve Name: Intercostal nerves, iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve

Nerve Root: T7–T11, L1

Internal Oblique

Action: Flexes, rotates vertebral column, compresses abdomen

Nerve Name: Lower six intercostal, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal

Nerve Root: T7–T11, L1

Transverse abdominis

Action: Compresses abdominal contents

Nerve Name: Lower six intercostal, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal

Nerve Root: T7–T11, L1

Diaphram

Action: Primary muscle of respiration; contracts to expand the thoracic cavity for inhalation

Nerve Name: Phrenic nerve

Nerve Root: C3, C4, C5

What are the muscles involved in fllexion of vertebral column?

• Prime Mover: Rectus abdominis

• Antagonist: Erector spinae

• Synergists: External oblique, Internal oblique

• Fixator: Pelvic girdle muscles (e.g., iliopsoas)

Hernia

Inguinal ligament tearing

Gluteus Maximus

Action: MAINLY HIP EXTENSION hip laterally rotates the hip, abducts the thigh/leg

Nerve Name: Inferior gluteal nerve

Nerve Root: Mostly S1, L5

Gluteus Medias

Action: MAINLY HIP ABDUCTION and medially rotates the hip, steadies pelvis

Nerve Name: Superior gluteal nerve

Nerve Root: Mostly L5, L4

Iliopsoas

Action: MAINLY HIP FLEXION, supports errect stance, and flexes the vertebral column (lumbar spine)

Nerve Name: Femoral nerve

Nerve Root: L1-L3

Adductor Longus

Action: MAINLY ADDUCTS THIGH, flexes, and medially rotates the thigh

Nerve Name: Obturator nerve

Nerve Root: L2, L3, L4

Adductor Magnus

Action: MAINLY ADDUCTS THIGH, flexes, and extends the thigh

Nerve Name: Obturator nerve (for adductor part), Tibial nerve (for hamstring part)

Nerve Root: L2 - L5

Gracilis

Action: SYNERGIST FOR THIGH ADDUCTION, flexes and medially rotates the leg

Nerve Name: Obturator nerve

Nerve Root: L2, L3

What muscles are involved in hip extension?

Prime Mover: Gluteus maximus

Antagonist: Iliopsoas

Synergists: Hamstrings (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus)

Fixator: Hip stabilizers (e.g., gluteus medius,)

What muscles are involved in hip Flexion?

Prime Mover: Iliopsoas

Antagonist: Gluteus maximus

Synergists: Rectus femoris, Sartorius, Tensor fasciae latae

Fixator: Hip stabilizers (e.g., gluteus medius, adductors)

What muscles are involved in leg adduction?

Prime Mover: Adductor magnus

Antagonist: Gluteus medius, Gluteus minimus

Synergists: Adductor longus, Adductor brevis, Gracilis

Fixator: Hip stabilizers (e.g., gluteus medius)

What muscles are involved in leg abduction?

Prime Mover: Gluteus medius

Antagonist: Adductor magnus, Adductor longus

Synergists: Gluteus minimus, Tensor fasciae latae

Fixator: Hip stabilizers (e.g., gluteus maximus, iliopsoas)

Semimembranosus

Action: MAINLY EXTENDS THIGH AND FLEXES KNEE, flexes the leg, medially rotates the leg

Nerve Name: Tibial nerve / Sciatic nerve

Nerve Root: L5, S1, S2

Semitendinosus

Action: MAINLY EXTENDS THE THIGH AND FLEXES THE KNEE, flexes the leg, medially rotates the leg

Nerve Name: Tibial / Sciatic nerve

Nerve Root: L5, S1, S2

Biceps Femoris

• Action: MAINLY EXTENDS THIGH AND FLEXES THE KNEE, flexes the leg, laterally rotates the leg

• Nerve Name: TIbial (Long head), Fibular/peroral (short head) / Sciatic nerve

• Nerve Root: L5, S1, S2

The sciatic nerve is a combination of?

Tibial + Fibular/peroneal nerve

What muscles are involved in thigh extension?

Prime Mover: Gluteus maximus

Antagonist: Iliopsoas

Synergists: Hamstrings (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus)

Fixator: Hip stabilizers (e.g., gluteus medius, tensor fasciae latae)

What muscles are involved in thigh flexion?

Prime Mover: Iliopsoas

Antagonist: Gluteus maximus

Synergists: Rectus femoris, Sartorius, Tensor fasciae latae

Fixator: Hip stabilizers (e.g., gluteus medius, adductors)

What muscles are involved in thigh adduction?

Prime Mover: Adductor magnus

Antagonist: Gluteus medius, Gluteus minimus

Synergists: Adductor longus, Adductor brevis, Gracilis, Pectineus

Fixator: Hip stabilizers (e.g., gluteus maximus, tensor fasciae latae)

What muscles are involved in thigh abduction?

Prime Mover: Gluteus medius

Antagonist: Adductor magnus, Adductor longus

Synergists: Gluteus minimus, Tensor fasciae latae

Fixator: Hip stabilizers (e.g., gluteus maximus, iliopsoas)

What muscles are involved in leg flexion?

Prime Mover: Hamstrings (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus)

Antagonist: Quadriceps femoris

Synergists: Sartorius, Gracilis

Fixator: Hip stabilizers (e.g., gluteus maximus, iliopsoas)

What muscles are involved in leg extension?

• Prime Mover: Quadriceps femoris

• Antagonist: Hamstrings (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus)

• Synergists: Sartorius (assistive)

• Fixator: Hip stabilizers (e.g., gluteus medius, tensor fasciae latae)

Gastrocnemius

Action: Plantarflexes the foot, flexes the leg

Nerve Name: Tibial nerve

Nerve Root: S1 crosses knee and ankle

Sartorius(tailors)

Action: Flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates the thigh; flexes the leg

Nerve Name: Femoral nerve

Nerve Root: L2, L3

What muscles make up the hamstrings?

• Biceps femoris

• Semitendinosus

• Semimembranosus

What muscles make up the quadriceps?

• Rectus femoris

• Vastus muscles (3)

  • Laterlus

  • Medialus

  • Intermedialus

Rectus femoris

Action: MAINLY EXTENDS THE KNEE, flexes the thigh

Nerve Name: Femoral nerve

Nerve Root: Mostly L4, L3

Vastus Muscles

• Action: Extends the knee/leg

• Nerve Name: Femoral nerve

• Nerve Root: Mostly L4, L3,

Tibialis Anterior

Action: Dorsiflexes the foot, inverts the foot

Nerve Name: Deep fibular (peroneal) nerve

Nerve Root: L4, L5

Extensor Digitorium LOngus

Action: Toe extension, dorsiflexes the foot

Nerve Name: Deep fibular (peroneal) nerve

Nerve Root: L5, S1

Fibularis longus

Action: Foot eversion, plantarflexion (also helps support the arch)

Nerve Name: Superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve

Nerve Root: L5, S1, S2

Soleus (dancing)

Action: Plantarflexes the foot

Nerve Name: Tibial nerve

Nerve Root: S1 crosses only the ankle

What makes the calcaneal tendon aka achilles tendon?

Gastrocnemius + Soleus

How do you isolate soleus muscle

Bend the knee to inhibit gastrocnemius intervention/

What muscles are involved in plantarflexion?

Prime Mover: Gastrocnemius, Soleus

Antagonist: Tibialis anterior

Synergists: Flexor digitorum longus, Flexor hallucis longus

Fixator: Muscles stabilizing the ankle and foot (e.g., tibialis posterior)

What muscles are involved in dorsiflexion?

Prime Mover: Tibialis anterior

Antagonist: Gastrocnemius, Soleus

Synergists: Extensor digitorum longus, Extensor hallucis longus

Fixator: Muscles stabilizing the ankle (e.g., fibularis muscles)

What muscles are involved in inversion?

Prime Mover: Tibialis posterior

Antagonist: Fibularis longus, Fibularis brevis

Synergists: Tibialis anterior

Fixator: Muscles stabilizing the ankle (e.g., flexor hallucis longus)

What muscles are involved in enversion?

Prime Mover: Fibularis longus, Fibularis brevis

Antagonist: Tibialis posterior

Synergists: Extensor digitorum longus

Fixator: Muscles stabilizing the ankle (e.g., tibialis anterior)

What muscles are involved in neck flexion?

Prime Mover: Sternocleidomastoid

Antagonist: Trapezius (upper fibers), Splenius capitis

Synergist: Scalenes, Longus capitis

Fixator: Upper trapezius, Levator scapulae

What muscles are involved in neck extexion?

Prime Mover: Splenius capitis, Trapezius (upper fibers)

Antagonist: Sternocleidomastoid

Synergist: Semispinalis capitis, Levator scapulae

Fixator: Deep cervical muscles

What muscles are involved in head rotation?

Prime Mover: Sternocleidomastoid

Antagonist: Opposing muscles on the opposite side

Synergist: Scalenes, Semispinalis capitis

Fixator: Trapezius