Dental Science Bone Anatomy

what is the axial skeleton composed of

skull, spine, ribcage, sternum

what is the appendicular skeleton composed of

shoulders, arms, hands / hips, legs, feet

how much does the skeleton weigh

20 lbs

characteristics of bone

• living connective tissue

• can repair itself when injured

functions of bone

• produce blood cells

• store minerals

• protect organs

• allow for movement

• support and give shape to our body

what is bone made of

• collagen

• calcium phosphate

• calcium carbonate

a protein that provides flexibility

collagen

minerals that provide strength

• calcium phosphate

• calcium carbonate

bones also contain ?

• blood vessels

• nerves

• lymph vessels

thin membrane of connective tissue, contains nerve and blood vessels

periosteum

covers the outer surface of all bones EXCEPT the ends of our long bones

periosteum

covers the outer surface of long bones

endosteum

responsible for bone growth, repair, nutrient uptake, and waste removal

periosteum

responsible for the life of the bone

periosteum

what are the 2 layers of the periosteum

1. more fibrous, where muscle attaches

2. inner layer → loose connective tissue

what does the inner layer of the periosteum contain

osteoblasts

what are osteoblasts anchored to the bone by

sharpeys fibers

what are the 3 layers of bone

1. periosteum

2. compact bone (cortical)

3. cancellous bone (spongy)

outer layer, dense, tightly packed bone cells

compact bone

NOT a solid structure → blood vessels run through it

compact bone

contains osteoclasts

compact bone

cells that resorb or dissolve the calcium in bone when stressed or damaged

osteoclasts

trabecular bone

cancellous bone

inner layer, very lightweight, not as strong as compact bone, protects bone marrow

cancellous bone

gives strength without weight

cancellous bone

affected by osteoporosis

cancellous bone

a connective tissue, strong , more elastic than bone

cartilage

contains NO blood vessels

cartilage

found at the ends of bones, nose, ears

cartilage

articulation, where 2 or more things come together

joints

what are the 3 types of joints

1. fibrous

2. cartilaginous

3. synovial

which joints allow for very slight movement

• fibrous

• cartilaginous

skull joint, jagged line where skull bones articulate

suture

joint between teeth and alveolar bone

gomphoses

vertibrae

cartilaginous joint

very moveable

synovial joint

lined w/ a bursa

synovial joints

a fibrous sac filled w/ synovial fluid → acts like a cushion

bursa

what are the types of synovial joints

• ball and socket

• hinge

• gliding

• pivot

• saddle

ex. of ball and socket

shoulders/hips

ex. of hinge joint

elbow

ex. of gliding joint

wrist

ex. of pivot joint

certain vertebrae

ex. of saddle joint

allows thumb to touch fingers

allows for flexion & extension, limited rotation

ball and socket

only allows for movement in one direction

hinge

allows for bones to slide

gliding

allows for rotation

pivot

bone infection

osteomyelitis

inflammation, swelling (edema) poor circulation to bone, pus can form and cause pressure w/ in bone causing a fracture

osteomyelitis

loss of cancellous bone, causing bones to become brittle

osteoporosis

maxillary bones do NOT fuse

cleft

degeneration of jaw joint, can be dislocated or inflammed

temporomandibular joint disorder

abnormal curvature of the spine

scoliosis

joint inflammation

arthritis

osteosarcoma

bone cancer

prominence on a bone surface

process

large, convex prominence, usually at a joint

condyle

rounded surface, projecting from a bone by a neck

head

large, rough prominence, attachment site for muscle or tendons

tuberosity

shaped like a bridge

arch

horn-like prominence

cornu

rounded elevation on a bony surface

tubercle/eminence

prominent roughened border or ridge

crest

straight small ridge

line

blunt or sharp projection

spine

indentation at edge of a bone

notch

shallow depression/groove, usually marks the course of an artery or nerve

sulcus

depression, attachment area for muscles or other functions

fossa

long, narrow, tube-like opening

canal

type of canal

meatus

narrow, cleft-like opening

fissure

2 flat bones coming together

aperture

what are the inorganic components of bone

• calcium phosphate

• calcium carbonate