Memory, Forgetting, and Intelligence

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering memory stores, retrieval methods, memory impairments, forgetting mechanisms, memory accuracy, and intelligence testing.

Sensory Memory

A memory store with an unlimited capacity of items and a duration of less than a second to $4$ seconds, processing information received by the sense organs.

Short-Term Memory

A memory store with limited capacity that holds information briefly for $15$ to $30$ seconds.

Working Memory

A memory store used in mental tasks with a capacity limit of $3$ to $5$ separate items and a duration dependent on what is being remembered.

Long-Term Memory

A memory store with unlimited capacity and a duration that can last forever, storing everything.

Maintenance Rehearsal

Repeating information over and over without connecting it to existing knowledge.

Elaborative Rehearsal

Connecting new information to something you already know or thinking about what it means to prolong storage.

Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory

The superior ability to recall specific events from nearly everyday of one's life.

Autobiographical Memory

The general ability that everyone possesses to remember personal life events and facts about oneself.

Anterograde Amnesia

The inability or difficulty to form new memories after sustaining an injury or brain damage.

Retrograde Amnesia

The inability to retrieve memories of the past.

Alzheimer's Disease

A neurodegenerative disorder that most commonly occurs over the age of $65$ years of age, but can also happen early.

Infantile Amnesia

The memory phenomenon concerning the ability of adults to recall episodic memories.

Retrieval

The step in the memory process involving accessing and recovering stored information.

Free Recall

A method of retrieval that requires recalling information with no cues provided.

Recognition

A method of retrieval that involves identifying information you have learned before.

Context Effects

The phenomenon of remembering information better when in the same environment where it was originally learned.

State-Dependent Memory

The phenomenon of remembering information better when in the same physical or mental state as during encoding.

Mood-Congruent Memory

The tendency to remember things that match your current mood.

Retrieval Practice

The process of strengthening memory by actively recalling information.

Testing Effect

The phenomenon of remembering information better by taking practice tests.

Metacognition

The process of thinking about thinking.

Forgetting

The loss of memory or the inability to recall information.

Forgetting Curve

A pattern showing that memory fades quickly at first, and then slowly over time.

Encoding Failure

A situation where information never gets stored into long-term memory.

Proactive Interference

A retrieval difficulty where past or old memories interfere with new ones.

Retroactive Interference

A retrieval difficulty where new memories interfere with old ones.

Inadequate Retrieval

A memory issue characterized by being unable to access stored memories.

Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon

A condition in which a person knows the information but cannot retrieve it at that moment.

Repression

The psychodynamic concept of unconsciously blocking painful memories.

Misinformation Effect

A memory distortion where false information changes an existing memory.

Source Amnesia

Being able to remember information without knowing where or when it was said.

Constructive Memory

The process of rebuilding memories using past experience.

Memory Consolidation

The process of strengthening and storing memories over time.

Imagination Inflation

The phenomenon in which imagining something makes it feel real.

Intelligence

The ability to learn, solve problems, and adapt.

General Intelligence ($g$)

An underlying construct of mental ability and skills affecting all mental abilities.

Multiple Intelligences

A theoretical framework proposing different types, abilities, and skills of intelligence.

Psychometrics

The science of measuring mental abilities.

Standardization

The practice of giving and scoring tests the same way for everyone.