Chapter 8: Cognition, Language, and Intelligence

Formal

Defined by specific rules or

features.

Natural Concepts

Formed through everyday experiences

What are the three levels to a concept hierarchy?

Superordinate, Basic, and Subordinate

What is a prototype ?

The best or most typical example of a concept.

Trial-and-Error

Trying different solutions until one works.

Algorithm

A step-by-step procedure that guarantees a solution if followed correctly.

Heuristic

A mental shortcut or rule of thumb that simplifies problem-solving.

Insight

When a solution suddenly comes to mind without a clear, step-by- step strategy.

Availability Heuristic

Judging how likely something is based on how easily an example comes to mind.

Representative Heuristic

Judging probabilities based on prototypes or stereotypes.

Confirmation Bias

The tendency to search for and favor information that confirms what you already believe, while ignoring contradictory evidence.

Anchoring Bias

Relying too heavily on the first piece of information (the “anchor”) when making

decisions.

Framing Effect

Making different decisions depending on how the same information is presented.

Phonemes

Smallest units of sound

Morphemes

smallest units of meaning.

Syntax

Rules for combining words into sentences.

Semantics

Meaning of words and sentences.

Pragmatics

Social rules for language use (tone, context).

Visual-Spatial

The potential to recognize and manipulate the patterns of wide space as well as more confined areas, thinking in pictures and 3D images (e.g., architects, artists, pilots).

Linguistic-Verbal

Sensitivity to spoken and written language, the ability to learn languages, and the capacity to use language to accomplish certain goals (e.g., writers, lawyers, speakers).

Interpersonal

The capacity to understand and interact effectively with others, detecting moods, motivations, and desires (e.g., teachers, psychologists, leaders).

Intrapersonal

The capacity to be self-aware—understanding one’s own feelings, fears, motivations, and thinking processes (e.g., therapists, authors, philosophers).

Logical-Mathematical

The capacity to analyze problems logically, carry out mathematical operations, and investigate issues scientifically (e.g., scientists, mathematicians, accountants).

Musical

Skill in the performance, composition, and appreciation of musical patterns, recognizing rhythm, pitch, and tone (e.g., composers, musicians).

Bodily-Kinesthetic

The potential of using one's whole body or parts of the body to solve problems or fashion products, involving physical coordination and motor skills (e.g., dancers, athletes, surgeons).

Naturalistic

The ability to recognize, categorize, and draw upon certain features of the environment and nature (e.g., biologists, botanists, conservationists).

What are examples of conditions that can lead to the development of an intellectual

disability?

Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome or Prader-Willi syndrome.