Exam 2

anxiety

state characterized by marked negative affect and bodily symptoms of tension in which a person apprehensively anticipates future danger or misfortune; may involve feelings, behaviors, and physiological responses

fear

an immediate alarm reaction to present danger or life threatening emergencies

panic

sudden, overwhelming fright or terror

panic attack

abrupt experience of intense fear or discomfort accompanied by a number of physical symptoms, such as dizziness or heart palpitations

behavioral inhibition system (BIS)

brain circuit in the limbic system that responds to threat signals by inhibiting activity and causing anxiety

fight/flight system (FFS)

brain circuit in animals that when stimulated causes an immediate alarm and escape response resembling human panic

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

anxiety disorder characterized by intense, uncontrollable, unfocused, chronic, and continuous worry that is distressing and unproductive, accompanied by physical symptoms of tenseness, irritability, and restlessness

panic disorder

recurrent unexpected panic attacks accompanied by concern about future attacks and/or a lifestyle change to avoid future attacks

agoraphobia

anxiety disorder characterized by anxiety about being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult in the event of panic symptoms or other unpleasant physical symptoms (i.e. incontinence)

panic control treatment (PCT)

cognitive behavioral treatment for panic attacks, involving gradual exposure to feared somatic sensations and modification of perceptions and attitudes about them

specific phobia

unreasonable fear of a specific object or situation that markedly interferes with daily life functioning

blood-injection-injury phobia

unreasonable fear and avoidance of exposure to blood, injury, or the possibility of an injection; victims experience fainting and a drop in blood pressure

situational phobia

involves enclosed places (for example, claustrophobia) or public transportation (for example, fear of flying)

natural environment phobia

fear of situations or events in nature, especially heights, storms, and water

animal phobia

unreasonable, enduring fear of animals or insects that usually develops early in life

separation anxiety disorder

excessive, enduring fear in some individuals that harm will come to them or their loved ones when they are apart

social anxiety disorder

also called social phobia; extreme, enduring, irrational fear and avoidance of social or performance situations

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

enduring, distressing emotional disorder that follows exposure to severe helplessness or a fear-inducing threat; the victim experience the trauma, avoids stimuli associated with it, and develops a numbing of responsiveness and an increased vigilance and arousal

acute stress disorder

severe reaction immediately following a terrifying event, often including amnesia about the event, emotional numbing, and derealization; if symptoms persist beyond one month, victims are diagnosed with post traumatic stress disorder

adjustment disorders

clinically significant emotional and behavioral symptoms in response to one or more specific stressors

attachment disorders

developmentally inappropriate behaviors in which a child is unable or unwilling to form natural attachment relationships with caregiving adults

reactive attachment disorder

attachment disorder in which a child with disturbed behavior neither seeks out a caregiver nor responds to offers to help from one; fearfulness and sadness are often evident

Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder

condition in which a child shows no inhibitions whatsoever in approaching adults

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

involves unwanted, persistent, intrusive thoughts and impulses, as well as repetitive actions intended to suppress them

obsessions

recurrent intrusive thoughts or impulses the client seeks to suppress or neutralize while recognizing they are not imposed by outside forces

compulsions

repetitive, ritualistic, time-consuming behaviors or mental acts a person feels driven to perform to suppress obsessions

body dysmorphic disorder

disorder featuring a disruptive preoccupation with some imagined defect in appearance ("imagined ugliness"); now classified among obsessive-compulsive and related disorders; previously grouped with DSM-IV somatoform disorders

Trichotillomania

people's urge to pull out their own hair from anywhere on the body, including the scalp, eyebrows, and arm

Excoriation

skin picking disorder; recurrent, difficult-to-control picking of one's skin leading to significant impairment or distress

somatic symptom disorder

previously known as somatization disorder; disorder involving extreme and long lasting focus on multiple physical symptoms for which no medical cause is evident

dissociative disorder

disorder in which individuals feel detached from themselves or their surroundings and reality, experience, and identity may disintegrate

illness anxiety disorder

previously known as somatoform disorder; involving severe anxiety over belief in having a disease process without any evident physical cause

conversion disorder

functional neurological symptom disorder; physical malfunctioning, such as blindness or paralysis, suggesting neurological impairment but with no organic pathology to account for it

Malingering

deliberate faking of a physical or psychological disorder motivated by gain

factitious disorder

non-existent physical or psychological disorder deliberately faked for no apparent gain except possibly sympathy and attention

derealization

situation in which the individual loses a sense of the reality of the external world

depersonalization/derealization disorder

dissociative disorder in which feelings of depersonalization are so severe they dominate the client's life and prevent normal functioning

dissociative amnesia

dissociative disorder featuring the inability to recall personal information, usually of a stressful or traumatic nature

generalized amnesia

loss of memory of all personal information, including identity

localized or selective amnesia

memory loss limited to specific times and events, particularly traumatic events

dissociative fugue

type of dissociative amnesia featuring sudden, unexpected travel away from home, along with an inability to recall the past, sometimes with assumption of a new identity

dissociative trance

altered state of consciousness in which people firmly believe they are possessed by spirits; considered a disorder only where there is distress and dysfunction

alters

shorthand term for alter egos, the different personalities or identities in dissociative identity disorder

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

formerly known as multiple personality disorder; a disorder in which as many as 100 personalities or fragments of personalities coexist within one body and mind

mood disorders

group of disorders involving severe and enduring disturbances in emotionality ranging from elation to severe depression

major depressive episode

most common and severe experience of depression, including feelings of worthlessness, disturbances in bodily activities such as sleep, loss of interest, and inability to experience pleasure, persisting at least two weeks

mania

period of abnormally excessive elation or euphoria, associated with some mood disorders

hypomanic episode

less severe and less disruptive version of a maniac episode that is one of the criteria for several mood disorders

mixed features

condition in which the individual experiences both elation and depression or anxiety at the same time; also known as dysphoric manic episode or mixed manic episode

major depressive disorder

or single recurrent episode mood disorder; involving one (single episode) or more (separated by at least 2 months without depression, recurrent) major depressive episodes

recurrent

repeatedly occurring

Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)

mood disorder involving persistently depressed mood, with low self esteem, withdrawal, pessimism, or despair, present for at least 2 years, with no absence of symptoms for more than 2 months

double depression

severe mood disorder typified by major depressive episodes superimposed over a background of persistent dysthymic mood; also called "persistent depressive disorder with intermittent major depressive episodes"

hallucinations

psychotic symptoms of perceptual disturbance in which things are seen, heard, or otherwise sensed although they are not actually present

delusion

psychotic symptom involving disorder of thought content and presence of strong beliefs that are misrepresentations of reality

Catalepsy (catatonia)

motor movement disturbance seen in people with psychoses and mood disorders in which body postures are waxy and can be sculpted to remain fixed for long periods

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

mood disorder involving a cycling of episodes corresponding to the seasons of the year, typically with depression occurring during the winter

integrated grief

grief that evolves from acute grief into a condition in which the individual accepts the finality of a death and adjusts to the loss

complicated grief

grief characterized by debilitating feelings of loss and emotions so painful that a person has trouble resuming a normal life; designated for further study as a disorder by DSM-5

premenstrual dysphoric disorder

clinically significant emotional problems that can occur during the premenstrual phase of the reproductive cycle of a woman

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder

condition in which a child has chronic negative moods such as anger and irritability without any accompanying mania

Bipolar II Disorder

alternation of major depressive episodes with hypomanic episodes (not full manic episodes)

Bipolar I disorder

alternation of major depressive episodes with full manic episodes

cyclothymic disorder

chronic (at least 2 years) mood disorder characterized by alternating mood elevation and depression levels that are not as severe as manic or major depressive episodes

neurohormones

hormones that affect the brain and are increasingly the focus of study in psychopathology

learned helplessness theory of depression

the theory according to which depression is the result of perceived or real absence of control over the outcome of an undesirable situation

depressive cognitive triad (Beck)

thinking errors in depressed people negatively focused in three areas: themselves, their immediate world, and their future

mood stabilizing drugs

a medication used in the treatment of mood disorder, particularly bipolar disorder, that is effective in preventing and treating pathological shifts in mood

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

biological treatment for severe, chronic depression involving the application of electrical impulses through the brain to produce seizures; the reasons for its effectiveness are unknown

cognitive therapy

treatment approach that involves identifying and altering negative thinking styles related to psychological disorders such as depression and anxiety and replacing them with more positive beliefs and attitudes and, ultimately, more adaptive behavior and coping styles

interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)

brief treatment approach that emphasizes resolution of interpersonal problems and stressors, such as role disputes, in marital conflict or forming relationships in marriage or a new job; it has demonstrated effectiveness for such problems as depression

Maintenence treatment

combination of continued psychosocial treatment, medication, or both designed to prevent relapse following therapy

suicidal ideation

serious thoughts about committing suicide

suicidal plans

the formulation of a specific method of killing oneself

suicidal attempts

efforts made to kill oneself

psychological autopsy

postmortem psychological profile of a suicide victim constructed from interviews with people who knew the person before death

anxiety

state characterized by marked negative affect and bodily symptoms of tension in which a person apprehensively anticipates future danger or misfortune; may involve feelings, behaviors, and physiological responses

fear

an immediate alarm reaction to present danger or life threatening emergencies

panic

sudden, overwhelming fright or terror

panic attack

abrupt experience of intense fear or discomfort accompanied by a number of physical symptoms, such as dizziness or heart palpitations

behavioral inhibition system (BIS)

brain circuit in the limbic system that responds to threat signals by inhibiting activity and causing anxiety

fight/flight system (FFS)

brain circuit in animals that when stimulated causes an immediate alarm and escape response resembling human panic

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

anxiety disorder characterized by intense, uncontrollable, unfocused, chronic, and continuous worry that is distressing and unproductive, accompanied by physical symptoms of tenseness, irritability, and restlessness

panic disorder

recurrent unexpected panic attacks accompanied by concern about future attacks and/or a lifestyle change to avoid future attacks

agoraphobia

anxiety disorder characterized by anxiety about being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult in the event of panic symptoms or other unpleasant physical symptoms (i.e. incontinence)

panic control treatment (PCT)

cognitive behavioral treatment for panic attacks, involving gradual exposure to feared somatic sensations and modification of perceptions and attitudes about them

specific phobia

unreasonable fear of a specific object or situation that markedly interferes with daily life functioning

blood-injection-injury phobia

unreasonable fear and avoidance of exposure to blood, injury, or the possibility of an injection; victims experience fainting and a drop in blood pressure

situational phobia

involves enclosed places (for example, claustrophobia) or public transportation (for example, fear of flying)

natural environment phobia

fear of situations or events in nature, especially heights, storms, and water

animal phobia

unreasonable, enduring fear of animals or insects that usually develops early in life

separation anxiety disorder

excessive, enduring fear in some individuals that harm will come to them or their loved ones when they are apart

social anxiety disorder

also called social phobia; extreme, enduring, irrational fear and avoidance of social or performance situations

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

enduring, distressing emotional disorder that follows exposure to severe helplessness or a fear-inducing threat; the victim experience the trauma, avoids stimuli associated with it, and develops a numbing of responsiveness and an increased vigilance and arousal

acute stress disorder

severe reaction immediately following a terrifying event, often including amnesia about the event, emotional numbing, and derealization; if symptoms persist beyond one month, victims are diagnosed with post traumatic stress disorder

adjustment disorders

clinically significant emotional and behavioral symptoms in response to one or more specific stressors

attachment disorders

developmentally inappropriate behaviors in which a child is unable or unwilling to form natural attachment relationships with caregiving adults

reactive attachment disorder

attachment disorder in which a child with disturbed behavior neither seeks out a caregiver nor responds to offers to help from one; fearfulness and sadness are often evident

Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder

condition in which a child shows no inhibitions whatsoever in approaching adults

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

involves unwanted, persistent, intrusive thoughts and impulses, as well as repetitive actions intended to suppress them