Biological Anthropology Quiz 2: Bones and Osteology

What types of bones are there?

long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, sesamoid bones

Define osteology

the study of bone and the skeletal system

Most functions of the skeleton can be placed into the follow­ing five categories:

1. Support - structural support, framework for attachment of soft tissues, holds organs

2. Protection - protects vital organs

3. Movement/Leverage - framework for muscle attachment; allows movement at the joints

4. Mineral and lipid (fat) storage - stores calcium and phosphate which can be released as needed (calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body)

5. Blood Cell Formation (hemopoiesis) and Storage - blood cells are produced in red bone marrow

____ bones are the limb bones, the bones of the hand and foot

Long

Portion of the skeleton that develops first; consists of midline structures such as the skull, vertebral column, rib cage, sternum, and hyoid

axial skeleton

Portion of the skeleton that develops later; consists of limb bones and bones of the pelvic and pectoral girdles

appendicular skeleton

anatomical position

standing, arms down at the sides, palms of the hands facing forward and thumbs out to the sides

Midsagittal (medial) plane

• divides the body into equal left and right halves

Coronal (frontal) plane

• divides the body into front and back portions

Transverse (horizontal) plane

• divides the body into upper and lower parts

Which directional term:

closer to the midline, or the median plane

medial

Which directional term:

farther from the midline, or the median plane

lateral

Which directional term:

toward the front

toward the back

anterior (ventral)

posterior (dorsal)

Which directional term:

above (closer to the top of the head)

below (closer to the bottom of the feet)

superior

inferior

Which directional term:

closer to the body’s surface

further from the body’s surface; internal

superficial

deep

Which directional term:

closer to the attachment of the limb to the trunk of the body (nearer hip or shoulder)

proximal

Which directional term:

farther from the attachment of the limb to the trunk of the body (away from the hip or shoulder)

Distal

Which directional term:

back of the hand

palm of the hand

Dorsal (posterior)

Palmar (anterior)

Which directional term:

the top of the foot

the sole of the foot

Dorsal

Plantar

Which directional term:

• the ears are _______ to the nose

• the wrist is ______ to the elbow

• the head is ________ to the feet

• the thumb is _______ to the fourth digit

• lateral

• distal

• superior

• lateral

the point at which two bones come together is called an….

articulation, or joint

• the type of articulation between two bones influences the shape at their meeting points

______ __________ causes movement at joints

muscle contraction

the 22 skull bones are separated from one another by…

sutures

• fuse together after brain and skull growth is complete

forehead bone (single)

Frontal bone (skull)

Which bone:

articulate with the frontal bone; make up the “walls” of the skull; meet at the suture that runs in the midsagittal plane on top of the head

Parietals

which bone:

on the sides of the head; houses the “ear holes”; provides articulation for mandible

Temporals

which bone:

midline bone at the back of the skull; houses large hole at skull base for passage of spinal cord

occipital bone

which bone:

bones that compromise much of the face between orbits and mouth, and most of roof of mouth (paired)

Maxilla

which bone:

cheek bones

Zygomatics

which bone:

small bones; lie just superior to the nasal opening between orbits (paired)

nasal bones

which bone:

entirely within the skull

ethmoid bone

which bone:

large, butterfly-shaped; mostly within the skull

sphenoid bone

which bone:

houses canal for tear ducts

Lacrimal bones

which bone:

the lower jaw

mandible

which bone:

small, curved bones on each side within the nasal opening

inferior nasal conchae

which bone:

small; lie just posterior to bony palate of maxillae

Palatine bone

which bone:

small; runs down midline of inferior nasal aperture

Vomer bone

ethmoid bone

sphenoid bone

sagittal suture

lambdoidal suture

coronal suture

squamosal suture

styloid process

foramen magnum (opening for spinal cord as it exits cranium)

bony support for the larynx (voice box)

hyoid bone

the human vertebral column is made up of __ individual vertebrae

24

the _______ vertebrae are found in the neck

• all mammals have 7 of these

cervical

unlike thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, which have only the one large vertebral foramen, all seven of the cervical vertebrae also have…

transverse foramina

all five _____ vertebrae bear the most weight and thus are the largest

lumbar

• spinous process projects directly posteriorly

the ______ provides protection for the heart and lungs

• consists of sternum, ribs, and costal cartilage

thorax

sternum

• manubrium

• body

• xiphoid process

clavicle

• remember S-shape

scapula

humerus

ulna

What are the groups of bones in the hands

carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

what is the name of the big toe?

hallux

os coxa

innominate bone made up of the ilium, the ischium, and the pubis

femur