POH201 Lec 9

Health care services are considered what in public health?

A basic human right and a key determinant of health

What major global issue exists in health care access?

There are inequities in health care services worldwide

What is Universal Health Care (UHC)?

Access to needed health services of sufficient quality without financial hardship

What are the 3 main objectives of Universal Health Coverage?

Equity in access,

quality of care,

and financial risk protection

What does equity in access mean in UHC?

Those who need services receive them, not just those who can pay

What is financial risk protection in health care?

Ensuring care costs do not cause financial hardship

Which member nations of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) country does NOT have universal health care?

The United States

Who sets national standards for health care in Canada?

The federal government

Who delivers and manages health care in Canada?

Provincial and territorial governments

Name 3 groups the federal government directly provides care to in Canada?

Indigenous people on reserves,

Canadian Forces members,

and select populations

What must provinces follow to receive federal funding?

The Canada Health Act principles

What are the 5 principles of the Canada Health Act?

Public administration,

comprehensiveness,

universality,

portability,

accessibility

What does public administration mean in Medicare?

Health insurance is managed by a public authority (e.g., OHIP)

What does comprehensiveness mean?

All medically necessary services must be covered

What does universality mean?

All residents are covered equally

What does portability mean?

Coverage continues when moving or traveling

What does accessibility mean?

No financial or discriminatory barriers to care

What is NOT allowed under Medicare billing?

Extra billing by physicians

List 2 benefits of universal health care?

Equal access, lower overall costs

List 2 criticisms of universal health care?

Long wait times, high taxes

Why can universal health care limit new technology access?

Cost containment restricts spending on innovation

How much of Canada's GDP is spent on health care?

About 12%

What percentage of health care is publicly covered in Canada?

About 70%

What covers the remaining 30% of health care costs?

Private insurance and out-of-pocket payments

What key critique arises from Canada's funding structure?

Lower public coverage compared to other OECD countries

Name 3 services NOT fully covered by Medicare?

Dental, drugs, physiotherapy

Who receives drug coverage in Canada?

Seniors,

low-income individuals,

youth,

and people with disabilities

Are glasses covered under optometry?

No

What major issue still exists despite universal care in Canada?

Inequities in access to care

How do immigrants experience health care access?

Less knowledge, language barriers, perceived inadequate care

How does income affect access to care?

Low-income individuals experience longer wait times

What is the "healthy immigrant effect"?

Immigrants initially have better health but it declines over time (linked to access issues)

What disparity exists in preventive care among racial groups?

Visible minorities are less likely to receive screenings

Give an example of preventive care inequity?

Lower rates of Pap tests and mammograms in minority women

What mental health disparity exists among ethnic groups?

Many with poor mental health do not seek care

How does gender affect health care access?

Women have less access to specialized services

Give 2 examples of gender disparities in care?

Less ICU access and fewer cardiology referrals for women

What barriers do LGBTQ2 individuals face in health care?

Stigma, discomfort, lack of provider competence

What rural health care issue exists in Canada?

18% of population served by only 8% of physicians

How many communities lack primary care within 60 minutes?

25 communities

How many communities lack emergency access within 60 minutes?

55 communities (all in northern Ontario)

What percentage of people can access specialized services within 30 minutes?

40.5%

What are health equity indicators used for?

Measuring and improving equitable health service delivery

What are the 3 core equity indicators in primary care?

Clinic context, treatment process, treatment outcomes

What is an example of clinic context indicator?

Staff training on equity

What is an example of treatment process indicator?

Culturally safe care & Patient-reported needs being met

Name 2 areas where Canada has had the BEST health equity outcomes?

Infant mortality, maternal employment

Name 2 areas with MODERATE success?

Education outcomes, access to health care

Name 2 areas with the LEAST success?

Child poverty, health hazards (e.g., tobacco)

What overall trend exists in health equity in Canada?

Some progress but significant gaps remain