EBS FINAL

Jacob’s II House

Precedent for PASSIVE HEATING

Frank Lloyd wright

Thermal mass (earth berm) on 1 side

Deep overhang- protects from summer lets in winter

Zion national park, Utah

South facing windows with TROMBE WALLS

Windows shaded during summer

Shelly ridge Girl Scout center

Precedent for THIN TROMBE WALL

Shorter time lag so delivers heat during afternoon-early evening

University of Utah college of arc and planning

Thermal mass TROMBE WALL with wood, wire, mesh, and river rock

Nature & environment learning center/ bureau SLA

Precedent for TROMBE WALL

Braille- pattern of recessed half shells to increase surface area facing the sun

Trombe walls can be beautiful

In Amsterdam, Netherlands

La Vereda Compound

Precedent for SUNSPACE

BedZED

Precedent for SUNSPACES

Precedent for VENTILATORS (cowl)

Minimizing embodied emissions

Integrating energy systems at neighborhood scale

Cross section design- maximizes south orientation

Offices on north, homes on south

Balcomb House

Precedent for SUNSPACES

Douglas balcomb

Santa Fe, NM

Double doors allow convection currents 2 heat house but seal off sunspace @ night

At night, common adobe wall heats house and sunspace

Sunspace contributes about 90% of heating

Vieider House, Bolzano Italy

Precedent for SUNSPACES

isolated sunspaces- mass wall and insulated, no openings

Good for extremely hot/ cold climates

La Roche

Precedent for RIBBON WINDOWS

Le Corbusier in Paris

Windows widely distributed to evenly spread light exposure

Villa Savoye

Precedent for RIBBON WINDOWS

Le Corbusier

Notre Dame du Haut

Precedent for SPLAYED WINDOWS

Le Corbusier

Different sized splayed windows- transition of light

Sidewell Friends School Meeting House + Arts Center

Precedent for LIGHT SHELVES

Washington DC

Acts as overhang for lower window, reduces glare, brings light deeper

Ventura Coastal Corporations Administration Building

Precedent for SLOPED CEILINGS

Allows window to be large and high for extensive daylight penetration

Allows mechanical equipment to be near center

Tokyo Bay Shiomi Prince Hotel

Precedent for GLASS BLOCKS

Light directing glass blocks refract light to ceiling

Louis I. Kahn Kimbell Art Museum

Precedent for INTERIOR REFLECTORS TO DIFFUSE SUNLIGHT

Fort Worth Texas

Light enter continuous skylight reflected by fixture onto underside of barrel vaults

Reduce glare

Menil Collection

Precedent for SKYLIGHTS WITH DIFFUSING BAFFLES

Ferro-cement baffles designed to keep direct sunlight out

Mt Airy Public Library

Precedent for DIFFUSED BAFFLING AND CLERESTORY WINDOWS AND LIGHT SHELVES

Baffling prevents puddles of light on workspaces

Mechanical equip integrated into daylight system

Parochial Church of Riola Italy

Precedent of STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS AS BAFFLES AND CLERESTORIES

Concrete structure to create both light scoops and baffles

Light scoops face north for cool constant light

University of New Mexico School of Law

Precedent for ORIENTATION DESIGN

Reduce glare for classrooms

Leo and Dottie Kolligian Library

Precedent for EGGCRATE SHADING

Combination of vertical and horizontal elements

Masaryčka by Zaha Hadid

Precedent for VERTICAL LOUVERS

Prague, Czechía

Striking facade due to vertical louvers

Le Corbusier’s Parasol Roof

Precedent for PARASOL ROOFS

allow shade for roof and people to enjoy roof garden

Good for hot and dry climate

inverted pyramid

Precedent for SELF SHADING DESIGN

Tempe, Arizona, City Hall

Bermuda

Precedent for WHITE ROOFS

White stepped roofs- harvest rainwater, slow heavy rain

Heavy limestone resists hurricane, reflect UV, and purifies water

On a sunny day with no wind, does air change depend on temperature or pressure?

Temperature

On a sunny windy day, does air change depend on temperature or pressure?

Pressure

Define stack effect and explain what it’s based on.

Exhausts air from a building by natural convection

NEEDS indoor air temperature difference between 2 vertical openings to be greater than outdoor temp difference be the same openings

Portland Community College

Precedent for MONITORS + ROOF VENTS

Fresh air through louvers at the bottom exterior

First net zero higher education building

Unite d’Habitation at Marseilles

Le Corbusier

L shaped apartments- cross ventilation

Corridor every third floor

Pilotis under the building for air flow under and Not up to the residents

Name the heat sink for:

Comfort ventilation

Ambient Air

Name the heat sink for:

Nocturnal ventilative cooling

Ambient Air

Name the heat sink for:

Direct Evaporative Cooling

Ambient Air

Name the heat sink for:

Indirect Evaporative Cooling

Ambient Air

Name the heat sink for:

Radiant Cooling

Deep Space

Name the heat sink for:

Soil Cooling

Earth

Name the heat sink for:

Cooling of Outdoor Spaces

Ambient Air or Water

Is the bioclimatic chart for people or the building?

Building

Is the psychrometric chart for the people or building?

The people

Frank Lloyd Wright’s Robie House

Precedent for CROSS VENTILATION

Chicago

Large roof overhangs keep out sun and rain

A lot of openings for cross ventilation

Emerald PUD building

Precedent for NIGHT FLUSH COOLING

Eugene, Oregon

Sra Pau Vocational School

Precedent for NIGHT VENT COOLING

Local bricks for thermal mass

Stack ventilation

Shade screens block harsh western light

Scattered openings in brick walls allow for cross ventilation

Hitra Office and Commercial

Precedent for DOUBLE SKIN FACADE

Glazed area of building to be maximized while preventing overheating

Boys Hostel Block

Precedent for DOUBLE SKIN FACADE

Allows for thermal insulation and light permeability at all times

Balconies which act as buffer zone bw indoor and outdoor spaces

Commerzbank in Frankfurt, Germany

Precedent for DOUBLE SKIN FACADE

Smart facades support comfort ventilation and night flush cooling= control noise and prevent rain entry

Double skin facades are very effective in high rise buildings w operable windows and exterior shading

Would spraying a sunlit roof be effective for evaporative cooling?

No bc heat of sun will evaporate most of the water. On the other hand, the heat to evaporate water at night or from a shaded roof pond comes mainly from the building itself

What does this depict

Direct evaporative cooling

What does this depict?

Indirect evaporative cooling

What does this depict

Cool tower

Desert Living Center

Precedent for COOLING TOWER

Lucchesi Galati

Hot air enters, add strategy to cool air, use louvers to catch wind

Needs to be windy

The Pavilion

Precedent for COOLING TOWER

Laurel Village

Hot air enters, add strategy to cool air, use louvers to catch wind

Needs to be windy

Global Ecology Center

Precedent for COOLING TOWER

Carnegie Institution for Science

Hot air enters, add strategy to cool air, use louvers to catch wind

Needs to be windy

As soil depth increases, temperature fluctuations _____

Decrease

As soil depth increases, temperature _____

Decreases

At 20ft, what happens to seasonal fluctuations?

They disappear

Aloni, on Greek island of Antiparos

Precedent for DIRECT EARTH COUPLING

Adding insulation in earth sheltered walls for winter warmth

What does this depict

Direct earth coupling

What does this depict

Indirect earth coupling

These solutions such as tree shading, 4in light colored stones, and sprinklers at the soil level help to make what system more effective?

Indirect Earth Coupling

What is the greatest problem with earth tubes?

Condensation in humid climates promote mold growth

What are the two main reasons for air flows

Temperature and pressure

T/F in the Bernoulli effect an increase in the velocity of a fluid decreases its static pressure

TRUE

T/F The stack effect will exhaust air only if the indoor air temperature difference between two vertical openings is lower than the outdoor temperature difference between the same two openings

FALSE

In the design of an atrium, how to avoid hot air from the lower stories entering the upper floor

Raise the neutral axis

Which one has a higher priority, solar orientation or Wind orientation and why?

Solar orientation because it’s geometries are exact, far more precise than the wind

T/F usually the windward opening experiences, a positive pressure while the lead word opening experiences a negative pressure

TRUE

How does Portland community college provide fresh air into the building?

Louvers close to the ground allow for fresh air to enter

How does Le corbusier’s unite d’Habitation provide cross ventilation in its residential units?

L shaped apartment units allow for corridors every third floor

How do high and low openings differ in their effects on natural ventilation

Low= comfort ventilation

High= natural ventilation

What type of construction is best for hot and humid?

Porous and lightweight, sloped roofs, large windows, raised floor

Suggested window size for comfort ventilation in hot and humid climate

20% of floor area

What’s the suggested operation for windows for comfort ventilation in hot and humid climate

Open during day and night

Different ways to achieve thermal comfort

Temperature, humidity, wind (speed), solar radiation (MRT), clothing, energy (metabolic rate)

How can increased air movement expand thermal comfort zone

Cooling— sensible heat

What’s the best climate for night flush cooling and why

Hot and dry bc they have greater diurnal temperature

How does night flush cooling work

Open windows at night, thermal mass releases heat stored during the day

What’s the suggested window area for night flush cooling for hot and dry climates

10-15% of floor area

How do double skin facades save energy and increase comfort

Provides passive solar, shading, daylight, and thermal resistance, and natural ventilation

What’s the best climate for radiant cooling

Hot and Dry

What’s the difference between direct evaporative cooling and indirect cooling

Direct cooling= cools and humidifies

Indirect cooling= cools without humidification

What’s the best climate for direct evaporative cooling

Hot and dry

What is a cool tower

Takes in warm air, adds water to air to cool it

What is earth cooling and how does it work

Having earth sheltered walls and using the ground temp to cool the interior

T/F Because deep earth stays below minimum air temperature, it can serve as a heat sink

False, it remains around the average air temperature

What is direct earth coupling

A wall of insulation around (not completely) to provide warmth to earth sheltered spaces in the winter

What is the liability of direct earth cooling in regions with mean annual temperature below 65° and how to fix it

Provide insulated walls around the building, but not entirely so you maximize both summer and winter

What is indirect earth coupling?

Tubes in the ground, where air goes through the tubes and cools, and then goes into BUILDING THAT IS NOT EARTH SHELTERED

What climate is best for earth tubes and why

Dry because too humid can cause condensation of the walls of the tubes and might cause mold

How does a solar chimney increase ventilation

Enhances the stack effect when the sun shines (especially on windless days)

Sun heats the chimney and warm air goes up into chimney, pulling cool air in on the lower opening

Why does a solar chimney need to be outside the thermal envelope

So it doesn’t overheat the building

Does the solar chimney work for temperature or pressure differences

Temperature more, pressure is a result of the temp differences

How can solar chimneys be more effective annually than a cooling tower

It can be used for heating or cooling

Where should the solar chimney be oriented towards

South

What is the difference in air movement between a cooling tower and solar chimney

Cooling tower- air in and cooled

Solar chimney- air out

Lycée Charles de Gaulle

Precedent for SOLAR CHIMNEY

Sidwell Friends Middle School

Precedent for SOLAR CHIMNEY

Powell Elementary School

Precedent for SOLAR CHIMNEY

Primary School Extension

Precedent for DOUBLE ROOF

Gando Kéré Architecture

Dano Secondary School

Precedent for DOUBLE ROOF

Double roof extended over other spaces

To maximize street level shade, what’s should the height to width ratio be for an urban canyon

2:1 or higher (think the book and paper Sep did in class)