#5 (10/2: As Various as the Land: Colonization Beyond New England and Virginia)

(New France)

France unable to dominate + Henry IV + Trade

• France rival of Spain, try to get to Americas

• Weren’t able to dominate colonization in the Americas due to being in war

• Henry IV sees opportunity to see to build France back up gain, he wants profit immediately, so he focuses on fur trade – beaver (very fashionable + naturally water resistant, northern Europe is very rainy so very high demand for beaver hats, coats etc. Beaver population large and very large size of Beaver, focus on other skins as well like deer etc.)

(New France)

Samuel de Champlain

• St. Lawrence River: Relatively populous, French want to target.

• Colonization lead by a company, but Henry IV doesn’t trust company so he appoints Samuel de Champlain as his personal advisor on the ground. Goes back forth 32 times.

(New France)

Champlain and Natives

• Champlain realized to establish trade to get resources you need to have good relations to with natives. Want to establish trade as they don’t have skills yet to hunt Beaver/animals that well at this point.

initial Indigenous and French relations

• Montagnais, Ottawa, Huron/Wendat Allied with French

• Iroquois confederacy (5 Nations in a big formed group, mutual non aggression pact) : attacks other native groups/ project power outwards.

• French ally with other groups and constant war goes on to fight against Iroquois confederacy

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  3Ps of French relations with natives in north America:

• 1) Pelts (animal skin + fur)

• 2) Priests

• 3) Plagues

Natives dependence on French and effects

• Native people develop dependence on French to fight alongst to them, their metal goods, their soldiers etc. and so they have to trade lots and lots of fur.

• They are forcing their efforts on hunting seasons to hunt beaver, and not hunting other things deer causing them to not have food for the season.

• Making them more dependent on the French as they now have to buy food from them.

• Natural effects: Beavers build dams, helps make ponds, creating/backbone of life in ponds.

• Overhunting of deer is caused as well

Jesuit priests and natives

• Send Jesuits (prelists) to exert to influence, and trying to convert native people. Initially natives are skeptic about priests.

• Priests involve themselves in war-learn natives languages serve as translators and will only trade guns if natives converted to Catholicism

• Don’t worry about colonizers coming to New France because now there are natives converting

• Population of New France is heavily children of soldiers and Natives. – close contact brought disease specifically effected Ottawa and Huron.

• Very damaging to Native groups.

• In these colonization’s of America we see warfare, we see disease and dependence from natives onto colonizers.

(New Netherland)

Origins

•         The dutch revolt – fought Spain and gained Independence

•           Dutch republic has interest in colonization now focused mostly on Americas and Asia

• Interested because that’s where Spain’s silver came from

(New Netherlands)

Dutch west India company

•           Sovereign company ( attacks Spanish, trade, creates relations, has military – functions like government/state out in the Americas, funded to attack Spains silver as well.)

•           Company Investing in exploration for northwest passage

(New Netherlands)

Henry Hudson

•          Hudson felt he found northwest passage natives call it Manhattan.

• Names lake Hudson river. Writes about how lucrative fur trade could be and how willing they are to trade.

(New Netherlands)

New Amsterdam (Modern day New York City) and Fort Orange

•           1604 company sends out to establish a colony called the Netherlands

•           1^st settlement is new Amsterdam – modern day New York city. 2^nd Fort Orange – modern day Albony (fur trade center)

•          Goal of company to try to control traffic on Hudson River area

•           Realize this is good area to establish a post due to all these connecting rivers.

•           Fort Orange is where fur trade is – most important

(New Netherlands)

Initial native and Dutch relations

•           Hudson river area home to Lenape-Delaware people, stay mostly to the West, Dutch have good relations.

•          Inhabited Hudson river valleys is also Algonquin villages

•          Iroquois Confederacy was also there and Mohawk people were was also there

•          Dutch has different things to trade from the world with the natives

(New Netherlands)

Dutch West India Company trade

•           West India company had issues regulating trade, people had to get license then go to fort orange for heavily restricted trade – no liquor or firearms

•           Turn fort orange into free trade post due to license not working and causes to sell everything including lots of firearms.

•          Dutch – Fire arm manufacturer hub for Europe.

•          People have easy access to fire arms so they take them to Fort Orange and sell it to natives because they know its high demand

Most of the people showing up to Fort Orange is the Mohawk people and other Native groups.

(New Netherlands)

Dutch firearms and the Mohawk

•          The Dutch were confused why only one group Mohawks as time developed was buying, the native groups saw an opportunity to use Dutch firearms to fight against the French.

•           Mohawk are attacking Alogonquin villages are stealing and extorting fur, and pushing backing Lenape – Delaware. Context for Iroquois war. Also attack French stealing fur to trade with Dutch, buy guns and to continue to attack French.

•           Very difficult situation for Lenape-Deleware and Algonquin villages, and want to move away from this area in Hudson River to get away from attacks.

•           Mohawks call Dutch Kistoni (Iron people) relatively good relations with Dutch

(New Netherlands)

Other Native group movement away from Mohawk

• William Keft/administers for Dutch get concerned at groups moving, a group moves and settles onto Manhattan island, administers asked them to move and the natives wanted space for themselves and decided to fight back against Dutch

•          Dutch struggle as there isn’t much Dutch people in colony, which isn’t enough to fight a war with native people.

(New Netherlands)

Stuyvesant + people of Dutch or Employees + England

•           Dutch sends trusted person Stuyvesant and tries to incentivize people to settle into new Amsterdam, and thousands of people moved into Dutch colonies, and not amount of Dutch move in its, puritans, Germans and French etc. It’s a diverse population the colony becomes around 9000 people.

•          People don’t understand if people living in the colonies are part of the Dutch or employees or employees of the company Stuyvesant says he can treat them how he wants because their employees the Dutch say they are people,

•           Before they can get rights of the Dutch England comes and takes over colony and it becomes present day New York.

(Pennsylvania peace)

William Penn and the Quakers

•           William Penn -> Quaker: English Anabaptists, want to go back to how church is during how it was in the time of Jesus Christ, passivists.

•           Tax dollars go to fund military, quakers refuse to pay taxes, many quakers ended up in jail due to not paying taxes,

(Pennsylvania Peace)

Context for Pennsylvania peace + Proprietary colony

•           William Penn asking Charles the II to have land in the Americas so Quakers can have a colony, so they aren’t bothering England anymore, Charles agrees,

•           Proprietary colony – private property

•           Quakers and William leave develop colony, and capital is called Philadelphia, wanting orderly, peaceful place. Refugees from wars go to Philadelphia, William Penn drafts a charter of privileges – a bill rights for everybody in Philadelphia (except African people and women)

(Pennsylvania Peace)

Life in Pennsylvania

•          Had tolerance for native people, native people were able to have important political positions

•           William Penn refers to Pennsylvania as peaceable kingdom, there’s no war during the 1^st generation, during William Penn’s time.

• A lot of persecuted religious groups from Europe, and natives want to move to Pennsylvania, taxes are really low because they don’t believe in war.

• The land there is very fertile, at 1605 its creating more wheat than anywhere in Europe.

•           The colony develops very fast.

•           It becomes such a magnetic a place, and that becomes the problem how do we handle so many people in this area, who’s land claims are more valid, natives or the immigrants.