Exam 2 Practice Problems

What are the similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells/organisms.

They’re similar because they contain a cell (plasma) membrane with a phospholipid bilayer, selective barrier, and encloses cytoplasm (main compartment of cell). Both reproduce. They also contain biological molecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).

They’re different because prokaryotic is “before nucleus”, its domains include archaea & eubacteria, they’re smaller, DNA is stored in cytoplasm, only single-celled organisms

While eukaryotic is “true nucleus”, its domain is eukaryotic, DNA stored in nucleus (surrounded by membrane), has organelles surrounded by membranes with specialized jobs, they’re larger, and can be single and multi-celled organisms

Explain the functions of the following structures:

1. Mitochondria

2. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) and Golgi Apparatus

3. Vesicles

1. Mitochondria: site of most energy production in cell respiration, found in all eukaryotic cells but cells with higher energy demand have more, makes majority of ATP

2. RER: rough because covered in protein-making factories called ribosomes, site of protein synthesis for proteins that will be releases to outside of cell. Golgi apparatus: sorts, modifies, and ships proteins meant for release to outside of cell

3. Vesicle: small sack surrounded by membrane used to move things between organelles

What effects can cytoskeletal fibers have on other structures when the fibers get longer or shorter? Provide two examples from class.

When they grow or shrink they generate forces that you can make use of, if getting shorter pulls on something, getting longer pushes on something

Ex: mitotic spindle during mitosis (shorter and pulls), amoeboid movement (longer and pushes)

What are the types of tissues in animal bodies and their functions?

• Connective tissue: mostly structural, includes bones, cartilage, and fat

• Epithelial tissue: forms barriers between different spaces

• Muscle tissue: movement

• Nervous tissue: communication and coordination

Which enzymes in this pathway would need to be active, which would need to be inactive, and which wouldn’t matter to maximize the concentration of F?

Active: 1, 3, 6

Inactive: 2, 4 , 7

Wouldn’t matter: 5

What is negative feedback?

Products of a reaction or pathway inhibit an enzyme in the pathway, reducing production of the product

What are some things can speed up or slow down an enzymatic reaction?

Temperature, pH, amount of substrate/enzyme

What is the role of ATP in the cell? How specifically does it become involved in energy processes?

ATP is the cell’s useable energy, it powers most cellular work such as chemical, transport, and mechanical work.

What is the carbon cycle? What happens to the energy and atoms involved in the carbon cycle?

What is the evolutionary origin of the mitochondria and chloroplast? What is the evidence for this?

What molecules are needed for the Calvin Cycle? Where do they each come from?

What molecules are needed for the light reactions? Where do they each come from?

What are pigments and what happens with them during photosynthesis?

What molecule is the source of new electrons for photosynthesis?

How are ATP and NADPH generated in the light reactions? What are the minimum required conditions to generate each one?

What is the useful product of the Calvin Cycle? Why is it important?

What is the overall goal of cell respiration?

Where does each step of respiration occur?

Which steps of respiration generate ATP?

Where do animal cells get the high energy electrons needed for the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)? How are those electrons transferred to the ETC?

What is the function of the ETC?

How does ATP Synthase work? What does it need and how does it relate to other processes in respiration?

What is the role of oxygen in respiration?

What processes in cell respiration won’t work under anaerobic conditions and why?

What processes in cell respiration will work under anaerobic conditions and why?