HSC 205

quantitative research

measures variables with numbers

qualitative research methods

explores meaning and experience

mixed methods research

combines numeric and narrative evidence

descriptive research

documents who, what, where, or when

exploratory research

investigates a topic with limited understanding

literature review

shows what is known, appraises the evidence, identifies the gap

phenomenological research

explores a lived experience

grounded theory

explains a social process

purposive sampling

select people who can provide information rich perspectives based on needed perspective

random sampling

a researcher selects a subset of individuals from a larger population so that every member has an equal and independent chance of being chosen

random assignment

place participants into groups by chance

single-blind

one party does not know the assigned group

double blind

participants and the investigators do not know the assigned groups

data collection

surveys collect self-reported information; existing sources include records, surveillance and census data

data analysis

descriptive statistics summarize the observed sample; inferential statistics estimate or test beyond the sample; it looks at relationships between the exposure and outcome

spatial analysis

examines how health and resources vary across place

journal manuscript

detailed methods and evidence

oral presentation

focused explanation and discussion

poster

visual summary and conversation

general media

clear, relevant and public message

bacteria

living single cells; microscopic, single-celled organisms; usually reproduce on their own; many are harmless or helpful; some bacterial infections respond to antibiotics

viruses

need host cells; tiny infectious agents, not cells; cannot reproduce independently; enter host cells and use their machinery; antibiotics do not work against viruses

parasites

live in or on a host; organisms that obtain resources from a host; include protozoa, worms, and ectoparasites; often larger than bacteria and viruses; treated with specific antiparasitic medicines

1848 public health act

instrumental in introducing sanitation, refuse systems and medical officers into local areas. addressed poverty, sewage, water, the environment, safety, and food. repealed, but relevant in improving public health

the middle ages

two major epidemics of bubonic plague

early U.S.

smallpox inoculation

19th century

typhoid mary; development and spread of state health departments

Flu

single stranded RNA

influenza A

can cause significant disease

influenza B

milder, only in humans

influenza C

mostly just mild respiratory

antigenic drift

seasonal flu, slight mutations

vaccines

egg-based; cell based; recombinant

antigenic shift

pandemic; shift between species leads to reassortment

COVID

E protein: assembly and release; S protein: corona; P protein

epidemiology

the diagnostic discipline of public health; investigate causes of diseases; identify trends in disease occurrence; evaluate the effectiveness of interventions

descriptive epidemiology

answers what, who, when, and where questions

prevalence

the proportion of a population that has disease at a given time

incidence

the proportion of a population that develops a disease at a specified time

analytic epidemiology

what are the measures of association

autosomal dominant

only needs to inherit one copy from one parent

Huntington’s disease

affects movement, thinking, and behavior

autosomal recessive inheritance

requires two genes from two parents

Tay Sach’s Disease

caused by fat buildup in the brain

PKU

phenylalanine accumulation; treatment is a low protein diet

x linked inheritance

more prevalent in males

hemophilia

impaired clot formation

teratogen

any environmental agent that can cause birth defects or chronic abnormalities sin a developing fetus

carcinogen

any environmental that can cause cancer in living tissues