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Kaiser abdicates Nov 1918

Germany becomes a republic

Armistice 11 Nov 1918

WWI ends

Spartacist uprising Jan 1919

communist revolt crushed by Freikorps

Treaty of Versailles 28 Jun 1919

Diktat with war guilt and reparations

Weimar Constitution Aug 1919

democracy with Article 48 and proportional representation

Kapp Putsch Mar 1920

right-wing coup beaten by a general strike

Reparations May 1921

set at 132 billion gold marks

Rathenau assassinated Jun 1922

killed by right-wing extremists

Ruhr occupation Jan 1923

France and Belgium seize the coal region

Hyperinflation 1923

money became worthless

Beer Hall Putsch Nov 1923

Hitler's failed coup in Munich

Rentenmark Nov 1923

new currency that ended hyperinflation

Dawes Plan 1924

US loans and eased reparations

Locarno Treaties 1925

Germany accepts its western borders

Hindenburg elected 1925

becomes president

Stresemann dies Oct 1929

moderate leader lost just before the Crash

Wall Street Crash Oct 1929

US loans withdrawn and slump begins

Müller falls Mar 1930

rule by presidential decree begins

Nazi surge Jul 1932

37.3 per cent and largest party

Hitler Chancellor 30 Jan 1933

appointed by Hindenburg

Reichstag Fire 27 Feb 1933

decree removes civil liberties next day

Enabling Act 23 Mar 1933

Hitler can make laws without the Reichstag

Boycott and Civil Service Law Apr 1933

first state action against Jews

Unions banned May 1933

replaced by the German Labour Front

One-party state Jul 1933

all other parties banned

Night of the Long Knives 30 Jun 1934

Röhm and the SA leadership purged

Hindenburg dies 2 Aug 1934

Hitler becomes Führer and army swears oath

Nuremberg Laws Sep 1935

Jews lose citizenship

Rhineland Mar 1936

German troops enter the demilitarised zone

Kristallnacht 9-10 Nov 1938

nationwide attack on Jews

WWII begins 1 Sep 1939

Germany invades Poland

Barbarossa 22 Jun 1941

invasion of the USSR and mass shootings follow

Wannsee Conference 20 Jan 1942

plans the Final Solution

Stalingrad Feb 1943

German Sixth Army surrenders

D-Day 6 Jun 1944

Allies land in Normandy

July Plot 20 Jul 1944

failed bomb attempt on Hitler

Auschwitz liberated 27 Jan 1945

freed by the Soviets

VE Day 8 May 1945

Germany surrenders

Potsdam Conference Jul-Aug 1945

four zones and the four Ds

Nuremberg Trials 1945-46

leading Nazis tried with 12 death sentences

Currency reform Jun 1948

Deutschmark triggers Soviet blockade

Berlin Airlift 1948-49

Allies supply West Berlin by air

FRG and GDR 1949

two German states formed

Berlin Wall Aug 1961

East Germany stops emigration

Wall falls Nov 1989

reunification follows on 3 Oct 1990