Ren Ref Sci Rev Test Flashcards

Reformation

To change and/or improve a certain thing. In the context of the renaissance, the Catholic Church made reformations (changes) such as making a reaffirmed doctrine and stopped selling indulgences.

Scientific Method

A method of seeking knowledge through inductive principles; uses experiments and observations to develop generalizations.

Scientific Revolution

The transition from the medieval worldview to a largely secular, rational, and materialistic perspective began in the seventeenth century and was popularized in the eighteenth.

Protestants

“Protest”ing the practices of the Catholic Church. A group of people that protest against the Catholic church, rewriting and creating a new religion stemming from the belief in Christ.

95 Theses

Created by Martin Luther, a list of theological ideas that went against the idea of indulgences.

Council of Trent 

A major meeting held between Roman Catholic leaders called by the pope to reform the Catholic Church. They reaffirmed the Catholic view of salvation through faith and good works.

Heliocentric

The idea that the sun (not the earth) is at the center of the universe.

Humanism

An intellectual movement that was based at the heart of the renaissance and focused on the human aspect of subjects. 

Indulgence

An item that was bought by the people as a ticket into heaven. Their abuse was instrumental in sparking Luther’s reform movement in the sixteenth century.

Predestination

A person's fate is determined before they are even born

Patron

A patron is someone who sponsors an artist with money and funds their work. 

Perspective 

Characteristic of Renaissance art which included 3D effects, shading, and vanishing point. 

Theocracy 

A government based on a divine authority.

John Calvin: 

• Wrote strong arguments to convince people to leave Catholic Church  

• Believed in predestination (world is divided into saints + sinners) 

• Set up a theocracy (a government ruled by a religion) in Genova, Switzerland

• Calvinism

Leonardo da Vinci: 

• Painted the Mona Lisa

• Painted the Last Supper

• Painter, architect, designer, engineer, and inventor

Lorenzo de’ Medici: 

• Statesman, patron

• Incredible poetic talents

• Master at diplomacy

Niccolo Machiavelli:

• He was a “Renaissance Man” ~ diplomat, political philosopher, musician, poet and playwright, and advisor to Florentine government

• Wrote The Prince for Lorenzo de’ Medici, ruler of Florence, to tell him how to rule

• Book takes a realist (cynical) view of people and politics

  • Machiavellian Principles: 

    • “The end justified the means” 

    • “It is better to be feared than loved” 

    • Do whatever you have to do to get and keep power

    • It is ok to lie as long as your intentions are good

    • Morals are good, but sometimes get in the way

Copernicus: 

• Made the heliocentric theory

• Pushed for 3D models of space

• Helped trigger Scientific Revolution

Martin Luther: 

• Began as a Catholic monk (priest) 

• Questioned practices of Catholic Church, especially indulgences (forgiveness for sins) 

• Posted 95 Theses (arguments) against the Church in Wittenburg, Germany

• Translated Bible into vernacular (local language) of German

• Argued that only faith (not being a good person) would get you into heaven

• 95 Theses = list of theological ideas created by Martin Luther, went against the ideas of indulgences

Newton: 

• Created the Three Laws of Motion

Gutenberg

• Invented moveable type printing press 

• Inventor

• Created strong metal alloy that led to printing press

• Gutenberg bible, named after him, Europe’s first printed piece of literature

Michelangelo:

• Artist

• Sculpted the Pieta

• Painted ceiling of Sistine Chapel

Shakespeare: 

• Playwright

• Wrote Romeo and Juliet

• Noticed by Queen Elizabeth I

Jesuits:

• Jesuits = Society of Jesus

• Founded by Ignacius of Loyola

• Purpose = to defend the church from heresy and spread Catholic faith

• Believed in education, humanism, discipline, and obedience

• Often accompanied explorers in order to convert natives

Ignacius Loyola:

• Key beliefs = education, humanism, discipline, obedience, and spreading Catholicism

• Founded the Jesuits

Galileo Galilei: 

• Developed a telescope

• Discovered Jupiter’s four moons

• Found what universe is made of

• Advanced Helicentric Theory further

• Proved Milky Way is composed of multiple stars

• Found out more about planet phases and celestial bodies

Andreas Vesalius: 

• Anatomist and physician

• Proved misconceptions in anatomy wrong by performing dissections on dead bodies instead of animals

• Proved human anatomy was different than animal anatomy

King Henry VIII:

• King of England

• Founded Anglican religion

  • English Reformation (1527) = went to the Pope because he wanted to divorce (annul his marriage to) Catherine of Aragon for not producing a son, but the pope refused. When the Pope refuses, Henry takes over the Catholic Church (takes land + money) and renames it Church of England. He married a new wife, Anne Boleyn.

Medieval Art vs. Renaissance Art

• Renaissance Art

• Realism (everyday scenes and accurate portrayal of the human body 

• Perspective (3D effects, shading, and vanishing point)

• Classicism (Greek and Roman subjects or settings)

• Humanism (Importance of human beings, self importance)

• Beauty (Light, vibrant colors, attractive subjects, natural settings)

• Medieval Art

• Focused on religion 

• Was not a priority whatsoever 

• Art quality was fairly poor 

• Bad anatomy

Impact of Humanist thinking

• Led to the shift to secular topics 

• Art 

• Politics, government 

• Education 

• Science, critical inquiry 

• Printing press

• Want to “live in the moment”

• Reformations (specifically protestant)

Renaissance Age vs. Middle Ages

• Middle Ages 

• Life was harsh for most

• Religious conflict 

• Black death killed ⅓ of Europe in 1349

• Revolved around the Catholic Church 

• Secular topics were cast aside 

• Catholic Church controlled everything 

Renaissance Age

• Cultural + artistic explosion in Italy 

• Artists made objects as lifelike and captivating as possible 

• Belief in humans 

• Secular focus 

• Interest in classic ideas and culture

The Reformation: 

Causes: 

• Renaissance was a time of questioning

• Catholic church became corrupt, wordly, and political 

• Many priests had bought their position and knew little 

• Invention of the printing press 

Effects: 

• Many new forms of Christianity called Protestant 

• Led to break from Roman Catholic Church

• Reformed Catholic Church

The Counter Reformation: 

Causes: 

• Protestant Reformation

• People were protesting the Church’s corruption and wanted reform

• The Council of Trent

• People like Martin Luther, John Calvin, etc. 

Effects:

• End to Church corruption

• Created a new school for priests

• Ended the sale of indulgences

• A reaffirmed Catholic view of salvation through faith and good works (Catholic Doctrine of Faith and Good Works) 

• The Jesuits

• Peace of Augsburg

• Protestants + Catholics made peace 

• First time secular (worldly) rules could overrules the church + first example of religious freedom

The Scientific Revolution:

Causes: 

• Source of truth used to be God and the Bible

• Turned to experimentation and human reasoning

• Universe is no longer geocentric (earth centered)

• Now heliocentric (sun centered)

Effects:

• Used scientific method to test and prove theories

• Great advances in medicine, chemistry, anatomy, and astronomy

• Belief in human progress

The Renaissance:

Causes: 

• Life for most was very harsh (looked forward to death)

• Black death killed ⅓ of Europe 

• Started in Italy → Italy’s economy didn’t plunder, connections with Roman Empire

Effects:

• Time of rebirth (new beginning from middle ages, name means rebirth) 

• Artistic and intellectual awakening in europe 

• Rebirth of interest in classics (Greek + Roman)

Renaissance 

What was it? 

A period of rebirth in classical literature and art in Europe

Causes 

People were living in unhygienic conditions and wanted change + progress

Important Events 

• Humanism

Key People 

• Niccolo Machiavelli - wrote The Prince

• Michelangelo - painted ceiling of Sistine Chapel

• Leonardo da Vinci - painted Mona Lisa

• Shakespeare - a playwright, wrote Romeo and Juliet

• Lorenzo de Medici - a patron of the arts

• Johannes Gutenberg - invented the printing press

Protestant reformation

What was it?

• An attempt to reform the Catholic church 

• Brought new forms of christianity

Causes 

• Renaissance was a time of questioning 

• Catholic church was corrupt 

• Many priests bought their position 

• Invention of printing press 

Important Events 

• Break from the catholic church 

• 95 Theses 

• Peace of Augsburg 

• The peasants war → In Germany, largest Rebellion before the French Revolution

• Thirty years war → Started when Holy Roman Empire tried to make Empire Catholic, last of major religious wars in Europe 

Key People 

• Martin Luther 

• John Calvin

• Conrad Grebel

Scientific Revolution

What was it?

A shift in scientific viewpoints, thoughts, and understanding (religious —> experimentation + reasoning) 

Causes 

• The invention of the printing press - allowed ideas to spread faster

• Source of truth used to be God and the Bible

• Turned to experimentation and human reasoning

• Universe is no longer geocentric (earth centered)

• Now heliocentric (sun centered)

Important Events 

• Astronomical discoveries (Jupiter’s 5 moons, Saturn’s rings, etc.)

• Discoveries about human anatomy 

• Advanced in medicine, chemistry, anatomy, and astronomy

Key People 

• Nicolaus Copernicus - reinforced the heliocentric theory

• Isaac Newton - create the laws of motion

• Galileo Galilei - created a new telescope to observe astronomical bodies 

Catholic reformation 

What was it?

• Catholic Church’s response to the protestant reformation that meant to reform internal corruption 

Causes 

• Corruption in the church 

• Loss of followers 

• Exploitation of indulgences 

Important Events 

• The Council of Trent → called by Pope to reform, reaffirmed catholic view

• The Roman Inquisition → church court used to stop heresies (doing or saying anything against the Catholic Church)

• Peace of Augsburg → peace treaty betwen Protestants and Catholics 

Key People 

• Ignatius of Loyola → founded the Jesuits 

• The Jesuits → society of Jesus that defended the church from heresy and spread Catholic Faith