mid term study set neuro short answer

Cerebrum

Motor, sensory, cognition, memory, special senses

Cerebellum

Balance, coordination, smooth movement

Brainstem

HR, RR, blood flow regulation

Thalamus

Sensory relay

Hypothalamus

Temp, hunger, thirst, sleep, ANS

CN 1 Olfactory

Smell

CN 2 Optic

Vision

CN 3 Oculomotor

Pupil & eye ADD, downward rolling, elevation of eyelid

CN 4 Trochlear

Upward eye rolling

CN 5 Trigeminal

Facial sensation & chewing

CN 6 Abducens

Lateral eye movement

CN (7) Facial

Facial expression & taste

CN 8 Vestibulocochlear

Hearing & balance

CN 9 Glossopharyngeal

Taste & swallowing

CN (10) Vagus

Gag reflex, larynx/pharynx

CN (11) Accessory

SCM & trapezius

CN (12) Hypoglossal

Tongue movement

Meninges Order (Outermost to Innermost)

Dura -> Arachnoid -> Pia

C4 Dermatome

Superior shoulder

C4 Myotome

Shoulder Elevation

C5 Dermatome

Lateral humerus

C5 Myotome

Shoulder Abduction (Reflex: Biceps)

C6 Dermatome

Lateral forearm

C6 Myotome

Elbow Flexion / Wrist Extension (Reflex: Brachioradialis)

C7 Dermatome

Middle finger

C7 Myotome

Wrist Flexion (Reflex: Triceps)

C8 Dermatome

Medial forearm

C8 Myotome

Finger Flexion

T1 Dermatome

Medial humerus

T1 Myotome

Finger Opposition

L1 Dermatome

Upper Thigh

L1 Myotome

Hip Flexion

L2 Dermatome

Mid-Thigh

L2 Myotome

Hip Flexion (Reflex: Patellar L2-L4)

L3 Dermatome

Knee

L3 Myotome

Knee Extension (Reflex: Patellar L2-L4)

L4 Dermatome

Medial Leg

L4 Myotome

Ankle Dorsiflexion (Reflex: Patellar L2-L4)

L5 Dermatome

Anterior Leg and Foot

L5 Myotome

Great Toe Extension

S1 Dermatome

Lateral Foot

S1 Myotome

Eversion (Reflex: Achilles S1-S2)

Brachial Plexus Levels

Roots (C5-T1) -> Trunks (Superior, Middle, Inferior) -> Divisions (Anterior/Posterior) -> Cords (Lateral, Posterior, Medial) -> Terminal Branches

Brachial Plexus Terminal Branches

Musculocutaneous, Axillary, Radial, Median, Ulnar

Muscle Organization Hierarchy

Muscle -> Fascicle -> Fiber -> Myofibril -> Sarcomere

Neuromuscular Junction Contraction Sequence

Action potential -> Calcium influx -> ACh release -> Muscle depolarization -> Contraction

Descending Tracts

Corticospinal (voluntary movement), Rubrospinal, Vestibulospinal, Tectospinal, Reticulospinal

Motor Control Pathway

Posterior Parietal Cortex (intention) -> Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (action planning) -> Premotor + Supplementary Motor Cortex (plan development) -> Motor Cortex (executes via corticospinal tracts)

Cerebellum Functions

Timing, Coordination, Accuracy, Movement prediction

Cerebellum Layers

Molecular, Purkinje, Granule

S. Weir Mitchell

Pioneer in physical fitness who connected mental health and exercise; authored the influential book "Wear and Tear"

Thomas Cureton

Pioneer who developed early physical education standards, cardiovascular health testing, and established early physical fitness research labs

Kenneth Cooper

Pioneer who proved the long-term health benefits of cardiovascular training and popularized aerobic exercise guidelines; authored the seminal book "Aerobics"

Thrifty Gene Hypothesis

Evolutionary hypothesis that genes favoring fat storage were selected for survival during famines, leading to modern obesity risk

Hadza Population

Modern hunter-gatherer group known for low chronic disease rates due to active lifestyle

Aché Population

Indigenous group characterized by healthier aging & lower disease rates

Posterior Parietal Cortex (PPC)

Intention & Spatial Frame — Integrates multi-sensory input to build a spatial map and generate the goal to move.

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC)

Executive Approval & Strategy — Evaluates goals, rules, and working memory to decide if and how to act.

Premotor Cortex (PMC)

External Motor Plan — Constructs motor programs for movements guided by external sensory cues (e.g., reaching for a visual target).

Supplementary Motor Area (SMA)

Internal Motor Plan — Constructs motor programs for self-initiated, learned, or sequential movements (e.g., memorized routine).

Primary Motor Cortex (M1) & Corticospinal Tract

Execution — Upper motor neurons send action potentials down the pyramidal tract to synapse on lower motor neurons for muscle contraction.