Chemistry Test 2

Arrhenius acid

A substance that increases H⁺ concentration in water.

Arrhenius base

A substance that increases OH⁻ concentration in water.

HCl

Arrhenius acid, produces H⁺ in water.

H₂SO₄

Arrhenius acid, produces H⁺ in water.

CH₃COOH

Arrhenius acid, produces H⁺ in water.

KOH

Arrhenius base, produces OH⁻ in water.

Sr(OH)₂

Arrhenius base, produces OH⁻ in water.

LiCl

Neither an Arrhenius acid nor a base.

Acid-base neutralization

An acid reacts with a base, typically forming water and a salt.

Products of HClO₄ + Ca(OH)₂

H₂O and Ca(ClO₄)₂.

Salt

Ionic compound formed from the acid's anion and the base's cation.

Kinetic energy

Energy associated with motion.

Potential energy

Energy associated with position or arrangement.

Chemical energy

Potential energy associated with the arrangement of electrons and nuclei.

Exothermic reaction

Releases heat to surroundings. ΔH is negative.

Endothermic reaction

Absorbs heat from surroundings. ΔH is positive.

Specific heat capacity

Heat needed to raise 1 g of a substance by 1°C.

Higher specific heat capacity

Smaller temperature increase for equal masses receiving equal heat.

First law of thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed.

Law of conservation of energy

Total energy remains conserved.

State function

Property that depends only on the current state, not the path taken.

Internal energy

State function.

Enthalpy

State function.

Volume

State function.

Heat and work

Not state functions because they depend on the path taken.

Standard enthalpy of formation (ΔH°f)

Enthalpy change when 1 mole of a compound forms from elements in standard states.

Standard formation reaction

Forms exactly 1 mole of a compound from its elements in standard states.

Formation of Mg(NO₃)₂(s)

Mg(s) + N₂(g) + 3O₂(g) → Mg(NO₃)₂(s).

Electromagnetic spectrum order

Radio → Microwave → Infrared → Visible → Ultraviolet → X-ray → Gamma ray (increasing frequency).

Regions adjacent to visible light

Infrared and ultraviolet.

Longest wavelength

Radio waves.

Highest frequency

Gamma rays.