Gloucester Academy Year 10 Knowledge Organiser - Core Subjects

Vocabulary flashcards covering key definitions, terms, and core concepts from the Year 10 Gloucester Academy Knowledge Organiser across Science, Mathematics, and English Literature.

Cell

Transpiration

The evaporation of water through the stomata

Transpiration stream

Is the continous flow of water from the roots to the leaves through the xylem

Cell membrane

A partially permeable barrier that controls what goes in and out of the cell.

Cytoplasm

A jelly-like substance in cells where chemical reactions occur.

Nucleus

Cell structure that contains DNA and controls the cell.

Mitochondrion

A sub-cellular structure where respiration takes place to make energy.

Hypothesis

An idea that explains how or why something happens.

Prediction

A statement suggesting what you think will happen in an experiment or investigation.

Control variable

The variable that must be kept constant so that it does not affect the outcome of the investigation.

Independent variable

The variable that is changed in an experiment or investigation.

Dependent variable

The variable that is recorded and measured for each change of the independent variable.

Reactivity series

An arrangement of metals in order of reactivity.

Oxidation

A reaction in which a substance gains oxygen or loses electrons.

Reduction

A reaction in which a substance loses oxygen or gains electrons.

Combustion

The scientific name for burning in oxygen.

Displacement reaction

A chemical reaction where a more reactive element replaces a less reactive element from one of its compounds.

Redox reaction

A reaction in which oxidation and reduction happen at the same time.

Ore

A rock containing enough metal or metal compound for it to be extracted economically.

Cations

Positive ions formed when metals lose electrons during a reaction.

Anions

Negative ions formed when non-metals gain electrons during a reaction.

Aqueous

A term used to describe a substance dissolved in water.

Epidermis (Plant)

The outermost layer of cells in a plant leaf.

Palisade mesophyll

Leaf tissue containing the most chloroplasts.

Spongy mesophyll

Leaf tissue containing air spaces that allow gases such as carbon dioxide and oxygen to diffuse through the leaf.

Xylem

Plant tissue that transports water and mineral ions from the roots to the leaves.

Phloem

Plant tissue that transports dissolved sugars (products of photosynthesis) around the plant.

Meristems

Plant tissues where stem cells are found.

Differentiation

The process by which an unspecialised cell becomes specialised for a particular function.

Organ

A group of different tissues working together to carry out a specific function.

Transpiration

The evaporation of water from the surfaces of leaf cells and its diffusion out through the stomata.

Transpiration stream

The continuous movement of water from the roots to the leaves through the xylem.

Guard cells

Specialised plant cells that open and close the stomata to control the movement of gases and water vapour.

Osmosis

The movement of water molecules from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane.

Translocation

The movement of dissolved sugars through the phloem from sources to where they are needed in the plant.

Potometer

Apparatus used to investigate transpiration by measuring the rate of water uptake by a plant.

Density

The mass of a substance in a given volume.

Internal energy

The total energy of the particles in a substance, equal to the sum of their kinetic energy and potential energy.

Insecticide

A chemical that kills insects, used to reduce the number of insect pests or disease-carrying insects.

Cilia

Hair-like structures in the human respiratory system that move mucus containing trapped pathogens out of the airways towards the throat.

Mucus

Substance in the respiratory system that traps pathogens and dust, preventing them from reaching the lungs.

Gradient ($m$)

The measure of steepness of a line, calculated as $m = \frac{y_2 - y_1}{x_2 - x_1}$.

Midpoint

The point equidistant from the ends of a line segment, given by the coordinates $\left(\frac{x_1 + x_2}{2}, \frac{y_1 + y_2}{2}\right)$.

Estimate (Mathematics)

To generate a rough answer by rounding the input values.

Expand (Algebra)

To remove the brackets by multiplying; the opposite of factorising.

Factorise

To put the brackets back in by dividing each term by the highest common factor; the opposite of expanding.

Substitute (Algebra)

To replace variables (letters) in an algebraic expression with their numerical values.

Perpendicular

Lines that meet or intersect at a right angle ($90^{\circ}$).

Bisect

To cut or separate in half.

Protractor

A piece of mathematical equipment used to measure angles.

Hypotenuse

The longest side of a right-angled triangle, always situated opposite the right angle.

Mode

The value that appears most frequently in a dataset.

Median

The middle value in a dataset that has been arranged in ascending or descending order.

Mean

The average calculated by adding all numbers in a dataset together and then dividing that sum by the total amount of numbers.

Range

The difference between the biggest value and the smallest value in a dataset.

Multiplication law of indices

A mathematical rule stating that when multiplying two powers with the same base, you add the indices ($a^m \times a^n = a^{m+n}$).

Division law of indices

A mathematical rule stating that when dividing two powers with the same base, you subtract the indices ($a^m \div a^n = a^{m-n}$).

Chremamorphism

A literary device that attributes inanimate or mechanical characteristics to a person, as seen in Ted Hughes' 'Bayonet Charge' with the line 'terror's touchy dynamite'.

Refrain

A repeated line or phrase used throughout a poem to reinforce a theme, such as 'but nothing happens' in Wilfred Owen's 'Exposure'.

Tricolon

A rhetorical device consisting of three parallel words or phrases, such as 'The phantom slowly, gravely, silently approached' in A Christmas Carol.