Unit 1 Exam Review
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150 Terms
What is assimilation?
Adopting the language, customs, and culture of another society.
What is urbanization?
The growth of cities as more people move to cities.
What is industrialization?
The growth of factories, machines, and mass production.
What are labor unions?
Groups of workers who join together to improve working conditions.
What was the Bessemer Steel Process?
A process that made steel faster and cheaper to produce.
What was the Chinese Exclusion Act?
A law that banned most Chinese laborers from immigrating to the United States.
What was the Gilded Age?
A time of rapid economic growth, industrialization, immigration, and political corruption.
What factors helped industrialization grow?
Natural resources, workers, railroads, inventions, factories, and investment money.
How did electricity help industry?
It powered machines and helped factories operate more efficiently.
How did electricity change daily life?
It provided electric lights and powered new inventions.
How did industrialization affect cities?
Cities grew as factories attracted workers.
How did industrialization affect consumers?
More products were made and sold at lower prices.
How did industrialization affect manufacturing?
Factories produced goods faster and in larger amounts.
Why was steel important?
Cheap steel helped build railroads, bridges, buildings, and machines.
What is a push factor?
A problem that causes people to leave their home country.
What is a pull factor?
Something that attracts people to a new country.
Give an example of a push factor.
Poverty, war, famine, or persecution.
Give an example of a pull factor.
Jobs, freedom, land, or opportunity.
How did immigration affect cities?
Cities grew and became more crowded.
How did immigrants help cities?
They provided workers and started businesses.
What is nativism?
Opposition to immigration and preference for native-born Americans.
Who did nativists often target?
Immigrants, including Chinese immigrants and immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe.
Why did nativists oppose immigrants?
They feared immigrants would take jobs or change American culture.
What did the Chinese Exclusion Act do?
It banned most Chinese laborers from immigrating to the United States.
Why was the Chinese Exclusion Act passed?
Because of anti-Chinese prejudice and competition for jobs.
What did the Homestead Act do?
It gave people the opportunity to claim government land in the West if they lived on and improved it.
How did the Homestead Act affect the Great Plains?
It encouraged people to move West and settle the Great Plains.
How did railroads help industry?
They moved raw materials and finished products.
How did railroads help farmers?
They allowed farmers to ship crops to markets.
How did railroads help the cattle industry?
They allowed cattle to be transported to eastern markets.
How did railroads affect the frontier?
They encouraged settlement and helped close the frontier.
What was the relationship between railroads and cattle?
Railroads transported cattle from the Great Plains to markets.
Complete the chain: Railroads → ________ → ________.
Railroads → move goods and cattle → reach markets.
Who was Andrew Carnegie?
A powerful steel industrialist.
What was one positive impact of Andrew Carnegie?
He created jobs and donated money to libraries and charities.
What was one negative impact of Andrew Carnegie?
His company was criticized for low wages and poor working conditions.
Who was John D. Rockefeller?
A powerful oil industrialist.
What was one positive impact of John D. Rockefeller?
He helped make oil production more efficient and donated money to charities.
What was one negative impact of John D. Rockefeller?
He controlled much of the oil industry and created a monopoly.
What is a monopoly?
When one company controls most or all of a market.
How did big businesses affect the economy?
They increased production, created jobs, and helped the economy grow.
Why did people criticize big businesses?
They were sometimes accused of monopolies and unfair business practices.
Why did workers form labor unions?
To get better wages, shorter hours, and safer working conditions.
What was a strike?
Workers stopped working to demand changes.
What was a boycott?
Refusing to buy a product or use a business to demand change.
What was the Knights of Labor?
A major labor union that wanted better conditions for workers.
What was the American Federation of Labor?
A labor organization that focused on skilled workers and better working conditions.
What did workers want from employers?
Better pay, shorter hours, and safer workplaces.
Workers had low wages and unsafe conditions. What happened next?
Workers formed labor unions and used strikes and negotiations to demand changes.
Why was the Interstate Commerce Act passed?
To regulate railroads and stop unfair practices.
What industry did the Interstate Commerce Act regulate?
The railroad industry.
Why was the Interstate Commerce Act important?
It showed that the federal government was beginning to regulate big business.
What problem did the Pendleton Act address?
Government jobs were often given because of political connections.
What did the Pendleton Act do?
It created a merit-based civil service system.
What is civil service?
Government jobs that are filled based on qualifications rather than political connections.
Why did reformers want government regulation?
To control unfair business practices and protect people.
What was a political boss?
A powerful politician who controlled a political organization.
How did political bosses gain power?
They exchanged jobs and favors for votes.
How did political bosses help people?
They sometimes provided jobs, food, housing, or other assistance.
How did political bosses hurt government?
They used corruption, bribery, and political machines.
What is political corruption?
Using political power for personal or group benefit.
A political leader gives a person a job in exchange for a vote. What is this an example of?
Political machine or political boss corruption.
What is the main idea of the Interstate Commerce Act?
The government began regulating railroads because of unfair business practices.
What is the main idea of the Pendleton Act?
The government began using merit instead of political connections for many government jobs.
What is the relationship between industrialization and urbanization?
Industrialization created factory jobs, which caused more people to move to cities.
What is the relationship between immigration and industrialization?
Immigrants provided many workers for growing factories and industries.
What is the relationship between railroads and industrialization?
Railroads transported raw materials and finished products, helping businesses grow.
What is the relationship between railroads and western settlement?
Railroads made it easier for people to move West and settle new areas.
What is the relationship between labor unions and industrialization?
Industrialization created factory jobs but often led to poor working conditions, causing workers to form unions.
What is the relationship between nativism and the Chinese Exclusion Act?
Nativist attitudes toward immigrants helped lead to the Chinese Exclusion Act.
What is one positive and one negative effect of big business?
Big businesses created jobs and products but could also create monopolies and unfair working conditions.
What is the basic cause-and-effect chain for immigration and cities?
Immigration → more workers → population growth → growing cities.
What is the basic cause-and-effect chain for industrialization?
New inventions → factories grow → more products → economic growth.
What is the basic cause-and-effect chain for labor unions?
Poor working conditions → workers organize → unions → strikes and negotiations.
What is the basic cause-and-effect chain for government reform?
Problems with big business or corruption → public concern → government regulation and reform.
What is assimilation?
Adopting the language, customs, and culture of another society.
What is urbanization?
The growth of cities as more people move to cities.
What is industrialization?
The growth of factories, machines, and mass production.
What are labor unions?
Groups of workers who join together to improve working conditions.
What was the Bessemer Steel Process?
A process that made steel faster and cheaper to produce.
What was the Chinese Exclusion Act?
A law that banned most Chinese laborers from immigrating to the United States.
What was the Gilded Age?
A time of rapid economic growth, industrialization, immigration, and political corruption.
What factors helped industrialization grow?
Natural resources, workers, railroads, inventions, factories, and investment money.
How did electricity help industry?
It powered machines and helped factories operate more efficiently.
How did electricity change daily life?
It provided electric lights and powered new inventions.
How did industrialization affect cities?
Cities grew as factories attracted workers.
How did industrialization affect consumers?
More products were made and sold at lower prices.
How did industrialization affect manufacturing?
Factories produced goods faster and in larger amounts.
Why was steel important?
Cheap steel helped build railroads, bridges, buildings, and machines.
What is a push factor?
A problem that causes people to leave their home country.
What is a pull factor?
Something that attracts people to a new country.
Give an example of a push factor.
Poverty, war, famine, or persecution.
Give an example of a pull factor.
Jobs, freedom, land, or opportunity.
How did immigration affect cities?
Cities grew and became more crowded.
How did immigrants help cities?
They provided workers and started businesses.
What is nativism?
Opposition to immigration and preference for native-born Americans.
Who did nativists often target?
Immigrants, including Chinese immigrants and immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe.
Why did nativists oppose immigrants?
They feared immigrants would take jobs or change American culture.
What did the Chinese Exclusion Act do?
It banned most Chinese laborers from immigrating to the United States.
Why was the Chinese Exclusion Act passed?
Because of anti-Chinese prejudice and competition for jobs.