Exam 2 Study Set

the 6 things in the microenvironments of laboratory animals that have set ranges as determined by the AWA or The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals

1. temperature

2. humidity

3. ventiliation

4. lighting

5. noise

6. vibration

minimum dry-bulb temperature for mice, rats, hamsters, gerbils, and guinea pigs

20-26°C OR 68-79°F

minimum dry-bulb temperature for rabbits

16-22°C OR 61-72°F

minimum dry-bulb temperature for cats, dogs, and NHPs

18-29°C OR 64-84°F

minimum dry-bulb temperature for farm animals and poultry

16-27°C OR 61-81°F

humidity range for the majority of species

30-70%

how ventilation is measured in laboratory environments

# of fresh air changes/hr —> in an hour, the air has been exchanged out and hasn’t remained stagnant

minimum ventilation levels

10-15 fresh air changes/hr

average light levels (measured in lux)

1. 325 lux —> 1m above floor

2. Up to 400 lux —> 1m above floor in empty room

3. 130-325 lux —> cage level

noise level maximum

85 decibels

vibration criteria

“attempts should be made to indetify alll vibration sources and isolate or dampen them with vibration suppression systems” (there is no minimum or maximum level for this and sudden introduction to too much vibration is an issue)

the 3 physical things that affect how life is supported in a laboratory environment

1. maintenance

2. replacement

3. backup power

parts of the physical plant that are important to housing animals in a laboratory environment

1. building materials

2. drainage

3. durability

4. moisture proof

5. vermin proof

6. fire resistance

7. location

the 3 things that affect the physical factors of housing

1. security —> to prevent escape or entrapment

2. durability —> lack of corrosion/rusting and can withstand regular cleaning & handling

3. design —> nothing that has sharp edges, impairs ability to disinfect/sanitize, inhibits accessibility to food + water, or prevents proper ventiliation

3 considerations for sourcing food

1. palatability

2. lack of contamination

3. meets nutritional & behavioral needs

4 considerations for sourcing bedding

1. it allows species specific behavior

2. it absorbs urine & feces

3. it decreases microorganism growth and gas buildup

4. what the type of it is

4 considerationsn for sourcing water

1. drinking source (bottle or automatic)

2. potable (safe to drink) & uncontaminated

3. source: well, munipical, etc.

4. treatment (filtered, autoclaved, acidified)

Which of the 3 types of treatments under considerations for water helps prevent bacterial growth?

acidified water treatment

the 4 enrichment factors

1. Do species specific behaviors occur?

2. Do they enhance NOT stress the animals?

3. Do they positively impact overall health?

4. Does it encourage social interaction?

the 5 housing density factors

1. social needs (naturally social vs. territorial behavioral or communal)

2. age

3. weight

4. sex (will it’s sec affect how the animals treat each other and how many can be together?)

5. experimental needs (will this affect the outcome of your experiment?)

the 4 cleaning frequency factors

1. housing density

2. husbandry practices

3. caging type

4. cage parts

What specifics need to be inputted into the SOP for specifics on how to clean an animals’ housing?

the 4 cleaning frequency factors

What are the 3 caging types?

1. static

2. Individual Ventilated Caging (IVC)

3. large animal system

the 7 species specific behavior and special considerations for an animals microenvironment

1. is the animal a predator or prey?

2. innate fear responses

3. social needs

4. foraging behavior

5. nesting behavior

6. remote monitoring within cage

7. nude mice

What are the 2 examples of innate fear responses that are a part of species specific behavior and special considerations for an animals miroenvironment?

1. mice & marbles

• the innate response in rodents is to cover/bury things that bother them

• mice dislikes marbles and as such to try cover/bury them if they are inputted into their enclosures because they can’t remove them

2. monkeys & snakes

• snakes can kill monkeys depending on the size of the monkey so it is an innate response for monkeys to signal/alarm when snakes are seen

• a playroom was made for monkeys but the mural in the room had snakes in it which induced the monkeys to signal/alarm (innate fear response)

Why can remote monitoring as a special consideration be important for an animals microenvironment?

creates less human-animal interaction which can be beneficial for animals being used in experiments so they display more accurate species-specific behaviors

Why are nude mice an important special consideration when thinking of an animals microenvironment?

nude mice are genetically different than “hairless” animals and actually have no hair at all which means their housing considerations need to be specially equipped to reduce dust since they lack eyelashes

What are the 3 categories of equipment in rooms of animal holding facilities?

1. wash

2. sterilize

3. support

What are the 4 types of washers?

1. cabinet washer

2. rack washer

3. tunnel washer

4. glass/dish washer

one of the four types of washers; this one is located in Allman

cabinet washer

one of the four types of washers that is an entrapment risk but has safety features to prevent someone from getting stuck, this one is located in Mandell

rack washer

one of the four types of washers that is used in fast-paced kitchens but is also better for humans’ physical health; this one is located in Mandell

tunnel washer

one of the four types of washers that is specialized but looks like a home dishwaser

glass/dish washer

What are the 4 types of sterilizers?

1. cabinet autoclave

2. bulk autoclave

3. pass thru autoclave

4. dry heat sterilizer

one of the four types of sterilizers; is a small autoclave

cabinet autoclave

one of the four types of sterilizers that is like a door that opens that you can push a rack into to wash a ton(bulk) amount of things; is a large autoclave

bulk autoclave

one of the four types of sterilizers that is identical to the bulk autoclave BUT has 2 doors so supplies can travel one way

pass thru autoclave

one of the four types of sterilizers that only needs air and electric to heat items for a long time; it comes in many sizes and uses and minimum of 380°F for at least 60 minutes to sterilize

dry heat sterilizer

Which 3 of the 4 sterilizers needs steam, hot air, hot water, air pressure, and vacuum cycles at a minimm of 121°C for 20 minutes to properly sterilize items?

1. cabinet autoclave

2. bulk autoclave

3. pass thru autoclave

What are 5 machines that opperate as support machines?

1. automated water bottle machine

2. manual water bottle filling machine

3. dump station

4. bedding filling station

5. bulk bedding system

What is quality assurance?

something that assures a machine is running as designed; that the expected outcome of running the machine will occur

What is validation (laboratory setting)?

validating(confirming) that a machine is running as designed

What are the 2 methods to check setpoints?

1. Data logger

2. Bowie-Dick Test

What are the 3 Quick Indicator Tests?

1. Quick Indicator Test for Washer

2. Quick Indicator Test for Autoclaves

3. Quick Indicator Test for Dry/High Heat Sterilizers

What are the 2 Biological Indicators?

1. Attest for Autoclaves

2. Spore Strips for Dry/High Heat Sterilizers

What are the 2 Biological Presence &/or Concentration Tests?

1. RODAC plates

2. ATP Swab Tests

an object that typically runs monthly or quarterly for standard programs providing a table and graph with clear data points based on how it’s programmed that gives detailed tables and graphs to help ensure equipment is working correctly; is considered both quality assurance and validation test

data logger

a test that is typically run monthly or quarterly for standard programs in pre-vacuum type autoclaves to ensure all air is removed; is considered a validation test

Bowie-Dick test

a test that must be run before any equipment after a machine is stopped—typically 1-2 times per day and reach 180°F; is considered a quality assurance test

quick indicator test for washers

a test that is called “OK strips” or “autoclave tape” that is typically run with every cycle for standard programs to show the temperature was reached; is considered a quality assurance test

quick indicator test for autoclaves

a test that is typically run with every cycle for standard programs to show the temperature was reached; is considered a quality assurance test

quick indicator test for dry/high heat sterilizers

a test that is typically run weekly or monthly for standard programs to confirm sterilization is occurring because the thermophile (heat loving bacteria) was killed; a minus sign shows that the spores were killed and spores being killed means the items have been properly sterilized; is considered both quality assurance and validation test

attest for autoclaves

a test that is typically run monthly to confirm sterilization is occurring because the thermophile (heat loving bacteria) was killed; this must be handled with aseptic technique and must undergo a 36-hour incubation and show NO color change; is considered both quality assurance and validation test

spore strips for dry/high heat sterilizers

a test that is typically sampled weekly or monthly detecting live cells and must undergo incubation; clean does not mean sterile; is considered both quality assurance and validation test

biological presence &/or concentration in washers and sterilizers with RODAC plates

a test that is typically run weekly or monthly testing live OR dead cells that retained their ATP; clean does not mean sterile; this tests for detectable organic material; is considered both quality assurance and validation test

biological presence &/or concentration in washers and sterilizers with ATP swab tests

What machines use data loggers?

1. washers

2. autoclaves

3. high heat sterilizers

What machines use the Bowie-Dick Test?

autoclaves

What machines use the quick indicator tests?

1. washers

2. autoclaves

3. high heat sterilizers

What machines use the attest test?

autoclaves

What machines use the spore strips?

high heat sterilizers

What machines use the RODAC plates?

1. washers

2. autoclaves

3. high heat sterilizers

What machines use the ATP swabs?

1. washers

2. autoclaves

3. high heat sterilizers

What is the purpose of checking setpoints of equipment where animals are housed?

to make sure that the equipment is operating at the levels it is supposed to and to ensure compliance of regulations and guidelines as a means of validating and/or quality assurance

What are the 3 reasons a Waste Handling Plan must be made?

1. employee safety

2. environmental safety

3. animal safety

Who are the 3 groups that make the Waste Handling Plan?

1. government

2. employer

3. department

Which tests are done monthly and quarterly?

every test EXCEPT the quick indicator tests

Which tests are done daily?

quick indicator tests

What are the 3 systems for waste removal?

1. Duct Transport System

2. Manual Transport System

3. Comination of Duct & Manual

one of the two waste removal systems that works through a ducted from Dump Station directly to dumpster at a loading dock to transport dirty bedding with urine and feces away with minimal manual labor

Duct Transport System

one of the two waste removal systems that works as a traditional system of dirty bedding with urine and feces dumped into trash bags then annually hauled to a dumpster 

Manual Transport System

What are the 5 items that go out when disposing of waste in an facility that houses animals?

1. animal wastes

2. biohazardous agents

3. chemical hazard agents

4. animal carcasses

5. sharps

Which of the 5 items that are disposed at facilities that house animals is removed typically in the general garbage and possibly needs special labeling or tracking with or without special bags and is disposed via the Duct Transport System or Manual Transport System?

animal wastes without hazards

Which of the 5 items that are disposed at facilities that house animals has a removal method that is dictated by the disposal methods to ensure safety, has a disposal method of the Manual Transport System only but needs an autoclave decontamination process with a special disposal method, and needs to be packaged in red bags within specific boxes that are labeled “for disposal by licensed vendor?”

biohazardous agent wastes

Which of the 5 items that are disposed at facilities that house animals has a removal through tying or taping bags, is disposed via the Manual Transport System only but needs to be decontaminated by disinfectant with processing, and needs to be packaged in yellow bags within the same boxes as the hazardous waste and labeled “for disposal by licensed vendor?”

chemical hazardous waste

Why is chemical hazardous waste NEVER AUTOCLAVED?

autoclaving this waste would make the chemicals go airborne which is dangerous/hazardous for animals and humans

Which of the 5 items that are disposed at facilities that house animals has a removal that requires dismemberment prior to packaging, use of special drums based on animal weight, and special labeling/tracking of the waste, is disposed via the Manual Transport System only and needs to be packaged within the same boxes as the hazardous waste and labeled “for disposal by licensed vendor?”

animal carcasses

Which of the 5 items that are disposed at facilities that house animals has a removal method where what is allowed to go into the container is dependent on where you work and the facilities’ recapping rules, has a disposal method of the Manual Transport System only and needs to be packaged within the same boxes as the hazardous waste and labeled “for disposal by licensed vendor?”

sharps waste

Why is the shapres waste disposal NEVER AUTOCLAVED?

The plastic of the container will melt which can get stuck to places or make disposal of sharps difficult

What is ‘Disposal by Licensed Vendor’?

disposal by a vendor that is licensed by the government to incinerate wastes

What are zoonoses?

a disease which can be transmitted to humans from animals

What are 5 examples of zoonotic diseases?

1. tetanus

2. rabies

3. Herpes B

4. E. coli

5. cat scratch fever

What are the 2 major things humans can give to NHPs?

1. measels

2. tuberculosis (TB)

How do we prevent giving NHPs diseases?

by implementing a Health Surveillance program for all people with access to animals

What is the major disease that NHPs can give to human?

Herpes B

How do we prevent NHPs giving us diseases?

thoroughly wash wounds or area on body that had contact with NHPs and gently scrub with soap, detergent, or iodine for 15-45 minutes and report to OHS/ER

What are Laboratory Animal Allergens (LAA)?

allergic reactions related to animal proteins in skin, saliva, urine, and feces

What percent range of people develop Laboratory Animal Allergens (LAA)?

11-44%

How does exposure to Laboratory Animal Allergens (LAA) occur?

1. inhalation

2. direct contact

the 6 animals that are common sources for Laboratory Animal Allergens (LAA)

1. mice

2. rats

3. rabbits

4. cats

5. guinea pigs

6. dogs

What are the 4 ways to prevent Laboratory Animal Allergen (LAA) exposure?

1. having a designated work uniform

2. PPE

3. ventilated works stations that have HEPA filters with ‘air curtains’ to contain allergens

4. hygienic behavior

What does having ventilated work stations entail in preventing Laboratory Animal Allergen (LAA) exposure?

these work stations have HEPA filters with ‘air curtains’ to contain allergens

What does maintaining hygienic behavior entail in preventing Laboratory Animal Allergen (LAA) exposure?

1. removing uniforms and/or PPE

2. washing hands with soap and water

3. if leaving area and soap and water are not available hand sanitizer should be used

What is PPE?

a physical barrier acting as protection from zoonoses, exposures, and allergens

What is considered PPE?

1. work uniform

2. disposable items

3. hearing/eye/facial protection

What are the 4 main uses for PPE in the workplace?

1. general employee safety

2. maintaining animal health status

3. Animal Biosafety Level (ABSL) - levels

4. protection from chemical hazards