Skeletal System Exam

Major Functions of skeletal system

Protection, Structure, Movement, Mineral storage, and blood cell production.

What are the three types of bone cells

Osteocyte, Osteoblast, Osteoclast

Osteoblast

Bone forming cells

Osteocyte

Mature bone cell that maintains bone matrix and mineral content.

Osteoclast

Breaks down and reabsorbs bone tissue

Tendon

Attaches muscle to bone

Ligament

Attaches bone to bone

Osteoblast and Osteocytes

Immature cell that grows into mature cell

Osteoclasts and Osteoblasts

Bone remodeling

Lacuna

House osteocytes and found in bone tissue

Canaliculi

Tiny tunnels that connect small spaces (lacunae) where bone cells live. They let bone cells share nutrients and send signals to one another.

Haversian Canal

Holds blood vessels, nerve fibers, and connective tissue cells

Lamella

Cocentric rings of mineralized matrix and collagen fibers that surround a haversian canal

Long bone

hard, dense bones that are longer than they are wide.

Flat Bone

Thin flat bones that hold more red marrow

Short bones

Found in wrist and carpals

Irregular bones

Bones with complex non-uniform shapes

Yellow Marrow

Fat storing tissue found in the medullary (center) of long bones

Red marrow

Produces blood cells and found in the proximal end of the Femur and Humerus along with flat bones. Marrow extractions come from pelvis or illiums.

Yellow Marrow Found

More in adults

Red marrow found

more in infants

Epiphyseal plates

Growth plates found in the metaphysis

Conversion

Red marrow to yellow marrow

Reconversion

Yellow marrow to red marrow

Major bones of the cranium

Front, maxilla, zygomatic, mandible, nasal, temporal, parietal, occipital

Normal Spinal Curvature

Primary and Secondary

Primary

Present at birth (Thoracic, sacrum and coccyx)

Secondary

Appear during development (cervical and lumbar. Note that babies can’t hold their heads up at birth)

Cervical vertebrae

Has transverse Foramen (Atlas and axis)

Thoracic Vertebrae

Ribs connect at protrusions on these

Lumbar Vertebrae

Very large body

Male Pelvis

Narrow along with a prominent V shaped symphysis pubis

Female Pelvis

Wider along with a wider V shaped symphysis pubis

Axial Skeleton

Skull, ribs, spine, and sternum

Appendicular skeleton

Arms, legs, scapula, pelvis, and clavicle

Ampiarthrotic joint

Slightly movable

Synarthrotic joint

Non moveable joint

Diarthrotic Joint

Freely moveable joint

Most unrestricted moveable joint

Ball and socket

Most restricted moveable Joint

Gliding joint found in carpals and tarsals

Classifying Fractures

based on their line pattern, relationship to the skin, completeness, displacement, and underlying cause

Fluoroscopy

Ingest or inject opaque media to reveal thin or hollow cavities.

Organ Replacement RUQ

Liver

Organ Replacement RLQ

Appendix

Organ Replacement LUQ

Stomach

Organ Replacement LLQ

Intestines or maybe kidney

Characteristics of a normal chest x ray

8-10 viewable ribs

Achondroplasia

Most common form of dwarfism and affects the appendicular skeleton

Craniosynostosis

Premature suture fusion

Brachycephaly

Short head

Dolichocephaly

Longer head

Rickets

Bone disorder that causes bones to soften, bend or weaken due to lack of vitamin D or calcium or possibly genetics

Polydactyly

Many Digits (fingers or toes)

Pre axial polydactyly

Extra digit on thumb side or great toe side

Post axial polydactyly

Extra digit on pinky side

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Brittle bone disease. Makes bones very fragile and people affected must limit activity