Bacteriology (BIOL 250)

SIUE

Reduction

Gain of electrons or decrease in oxidation state

Hydrolysis

Water is consumed to break down bonds

Oxidation

Loss of electrons or increase in oxidation state

Phosphorylation

Adds Phosphate group group

Dephosphorylation

Removes phosphate

Apoenzyme

inactive protein, only portion of an enzyme taht requires a non protein help to function

Holoenzyme

Active enzyme formed by inactive protein (apoenzyme) and non protein helper (cofactor)

Coenzyme

Small organic molecule that bind to enzymes to help catalyze a reaction

Inorganic cofactor

Nonprotein molecule required for activiy

R Plasmids

Resistance to antimicrobial particles

Virulence Plasmids

Enable pathogenicity

Bacteriocin Plasmids

toxic to bacteria with out the plasmid

Metabolic Plasmids

Extra chromosomal DNA molecule in bacteria that encode specialized enzyme pathways

F plasmids

Conjugation

Primase (Lagging)

Catalyzes the syntheiss of the RNA primar on a okazaki fragment

DNA Ligase (Lagging)

Catalyzes the joining of the Okazaki fragments into continuous strand

DNA Polumerase I (Lagging)

Removes the RNA primer and replaces with DNA

DNA Polymerase III (Lagging)

Extends an okazaki fragment

Primase (Leading)

Catalyzes the synthesis of the RNA Primer

DNA Polymerase III (Leading)

Extends the leading strand

Helicase (Opening)

Catalyzes the breaking of hydrogen bonds between base pairs to open the double helix

Topoisomerase (opening)

Breaks and rejoins the DNA double helix to relieve twisting forces caused by the opening of the helix

Single Stand DNA Binding Proteins (SSBPs) (Opening)

Stabilizes single strand DNA

Anaerobic Respiration

Uses electron transport chain as final electron acceptor

Anaerobic fermentation

Uses organic molecules as final electron acceptor

Deamination

Removes an amino group (-NH2) from an amino acid and primary substrate is amino acid

Beta-Oxidation

Breaks down long chain of fatty acids and primary substrate is fatty acids

Hydrolase

Hydrolysis (catabolic)

Isomerase

Rearrangement of atoms within a molecule (neither catabolic nor anabolic)

Ligase or Polymerase

Joining two or more chemicals together (anabolic)

Lyase

Splitting a chemical into smaller parts without using water (catabolic)

Oxidoreductase

Transfer of electrons or hydrogen atoms from one moleucle to another

Transferase

Moving a funcational group from one molecule to another (may be anabolic)

Enzymes activity depend on

Temp, pH, and substrate concentration

Competitive Inhibition

Substrate mimic and blocks active site

Allosteric Activation

Another site activates (induces change in active site shape)

Allosteric Inhibition

Inhibitor molecule binds to a site other than an enzymes active site

Glycolysis

Glucose molecule to 2 pyruvate (low atp)

Respiration

High ATP yield, fully oxidizes glucose to CO2

Fermentation

Low ATP yield, releasing organic waste products

Autotrophs

Self synthesized from CO2, CH4, or other simple molecules

Heterotrophs

From molecules produced by other organisms

Phototrophs

From sunlight

Chemoorganotrophs

from organic molecules

Chemolithotrophs

From inorganic moleucles

Photoautotrophs

self synthesized and sunlight

Chemoorganoautotrophs

Self synthesized and from organic molecules

Chemolithoautotrophs

self synthesized and from inorganic molecules

Photoheterotrophs

from molecules produced by other organisms from sunlight

Chemoorganoheterotrophs

molecules produced from other organisms that are organic

Chemolithoheterotrophs

molecules produced by other organsims that are inorganic

Obligate Aerobes

Only aerobic growth, oxygen required (used as final acceptor); growth occurs only were high conc. of oxygen have diffused

Facultative Anaerobes

Both aerobic and anaerobic growth, greater growth with presence of oxygnel ferment when oxygen absent

Obligate anaerobes

Only anaerobic growth, growth ceases in presence of oxygen; growth where no oxygen (can’t detoxify, toxic oxygen forms)

Aerotolerant Anaerobes

Only anaerobic growth, but growth contiuns in presence of oxygen; oxygen has no effect can detoxify

Microaerophiles

Only aerobic growth, oxygen required in low concentrations, high is toxic

Psychrophiles

Optimal ~15 C (Not pathogenic)

Mesophiles

Optimal ~20-40 C (human body temp, most pathogens)

Thermophiles

Optimal >45 C (compost, hot springs, free at body temp and not pathogenic)

Hyperthermophiles

Optimal >80C

Neutrophiles

Most bacteria and protozoa and optimal pH 6.7-7.5, most pathogens

Acidophiles

Many bacteria and protozoa, acidic waste products slwo growth in most others; ph 2-4

Alkalinophiles

Few with an optimal ph of 9-11