RAD1001: Chapter 4 Upper Limb Anatomy X-Ray Procedures (Professor Danielle MXCC

How many bones are found in one hand and wrist?

A. 25 bones
B. 26 bones
C. 28 bones
D. 27 bones

D. 27 bones.

Which combination correctly describes the skeletal composition of one hand and wrist?

A. 8 carpals, 5 metacarpals, and 14 phalanges

B. 8 carpals, 6 metacarpals, and 13 phalanges

C. 7 carpals, 5 metacarpals, and 15 phalanges

D. 9 carpals, 5 metacarpals, and 13 phalanges

A. 8 carpals, 5 metacarpals, and 14 phalanges.

Which sequence correctly represents the arrangement of the major bone groups from the wrist toward the fingertips?

A. Metacarpals, carpals, phalanges

B. Carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

C. Phalanges, metacarpals, carpals

D. Carpals, phalanges, metacarpals

B. Carpals, metacarpals, phalanges.

Which bones form the most distal skeletal structures of the hand?

A. Metacarpals extending beyond the palm

B. Carpals forming the distal wrist

C. Phalanges forming the digits

D. Sesamoids surrounding the MCP joints

C. Phalanges forming the digits.

In anatomical terminology, what term identifies an individual finger or the thumb?

A. Digit

B. Ray

C. Phalanx

D. Metacarpal

A. Digit.

Which numbering system correctly identifies the digits of the hand when viewed anatomically?

A. The index finger is digit 1 and the thumb is digit 5

B. The thumb is digit 1 and the pinky is digit 5

C. The thumb is digit 5 and the index finger is digit 1

D. The pinky is digit 1 and the thumb is digit 5

B. The thumb is digit 1 and the pinky is digit 5.

What distinguishes the phalangeal arrangement of the thumb from that of digits 2-5?

A. The thumb contains two phalanges, whereas digits 2-5 contain three

B. The thumb contains three phalanges, whereas digits 2-5 contain two

C. Both the thumb and digits 2-5 contain three phalanges

D. Both the thumb and digits 2-5 contain two phalanges

A. The thumb contains two phalanges, whereas digits 2-5 contain three.

Which sequence correctly identifies the phalanges present in a typical digit from 2-5? (Starting with what articulates with the metacarpals)

A. Distal, middle, and proximal

B. Proximal, distal, and middle

C. Middle, proximal, and distal

D. Proximal, middle, and distal

D. Proximal, middle, and distal.

Which combination represents the three anatomical regions of an individual phalanx?

A. Head, neck, and shaft

B. Head, body, and base

C. Base, shaft, and condyle

D. Body, neck, and tubercle

B. Head, body, and base.

Which bones collectively form the primary skeletal framework of the palm?

A. The eight carpal bones

B. The fourteen phalangeal bones

C. The five metacarpal bones

D. The distal portions of the radius and ulna

C. The five metacarpal bones.

How are the five metacarpals conventionally numbered?

A. From the thumb as 1 through the pinky as 5

B. From the pinky as 1 through the thumb as 5

C. According to their proximal-to-distal position

D. According to their medial-to-lateral position

A. From the thumb as 1 through the pinky as 5.

Which anatomical regions are consistently identified on a metacarpal?

A. Head, neck, and condyle

B. Base, neck, and tubercle

C. Body, neck, and base

D. Head, body, and base

D. Head, body, and base.

What joint permits flexion and extension between the proximal and distal phalanges of the thumb?

A. First carpometacarpal joint (1st CMC)

B. Interphalangeal joint of the thumb (IP Joint)

C. First metacarpophalangeal joint (1st MCP)

D. Distal radioulnar joint

B. Interphalangeal joint of the thumb

Which articulation is formed at the thumb's 1st MCP joint?

A. The distal phalanx with the first metacarpal

B. The proximal phalanx with the trapezium

C. The proximal phalanx with the first metacarpal

D. The distal phalanx with the proximal phalanx

C. The proximal phalanx with the first metacarpal.

Which bones are directly connected by a distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint? In 2nd-5th digitis?

A. Distal and middle phalanges

B. Middle and proximal phalanges

C. Proximal phalanx and metacarpal

D. Metacarpal and carpal

A. Distal and middle phalanges.

Which articulation connects the middle and proximal phalanges of digits 2-5?

A. Distal interphalangeal joint (DIP)

B. Proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP)

C. Metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP)

D. Carpometacarpal joint (CMC)

B. Proximal interphalangeal joint.

What bones participate directly in a metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint?

A. Two adjacent phalanges

B. A carpal and a metacarpal

C. The distal phalanx and metacarpal

D. A proximal phalanx and metacarpal

D. A proximal phalanx and metacarpal.

Which carpal bone forms the primary articulation with the first metacarpal?

A. Trapezium

B. Trapezoid

C. Capitate

D. Hamate

A. Trapezium.

Which carpal bone articulates most directly with the second metacarpal?

A. Hamate

B. Capitate

C. Trapezoid

D. Trapezium

C. Trapezoid.

Which carpal bone articulates with the third metacarpal and occupies a central position within the distal carpal row?

A. Trapezium

B. Trapezoid

C. Hamate

D. Capitate

D. Capitate.

Which carpal bone provides the principal articulation for the fourth and fifth metacarpals?

A. Trapezoid

B. Hamate

C. Capitate

D. Trapezium

B. Hamate.

Which classification best describes the interphalangeal joints of the hand?

A. Synovial hinge joints

B. Synovial pivot joints

C. Synovial saddle joints

D. Synovial plane joints

A. Synovial hinge joints.

Which movements occur primarily at the interphalangeal joints because of their hinge-joint structure?

A. Abduction and adduction

B. Flexion and extension

C. Circumduction and rotation

D. Supination and pronation

B. Flexion and extension.

Which classification best describes the metacarpophalangeal joints of the hand?

A. Synovial hinge joints

B. Synovial pivot joints

C. Synovial saddle joints

D. Synovial ellipsoid/condyloid joints

D. Synovial ellipsoid/condyloid joints.

Which combination correctly describes the primary movements available at the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints?

A. Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction

B. Flexion, extension, inversion, eversion, and rotation

C. Abduction, adduction, pronation, supination, and rotation

D. Flexion, extension, dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, and circumduction

A. Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction.

What does the abbreviation FOOSH describe in the context of upper-extremity trauma?

A. Force applied directly to the shoulder during impact

B. Fall occurring with the elbow fully extended

C. Fall on an outstretched hand during an impact

D. Forward rotation occurring after a wrist injury

C. Fall on an outstretched hand during an impact.

Which statement best defines a fracture?

A. A localized loss of bone density caused by chronic disease

B. A disruption of bone continuity resulting from applied force

C. An inflammatory response involving the surrounding joint capsule

D. A degenerative change involving articular cartilage and bone

B. A disruption of bone continuity resulting from applied force.

Which condition is characterized primarily by infection involving bone tissue?

A. Osteomyelitis

B. Osteoporosis

C. Osteoarthritis

D. Rheumatoid arthritis

A. Osteomyelitis.

Which description best characterizes osteoporosis?

A. Progressive inflammation involving synovial joint tissues

B. Degeneration of articular cartilage with associated bone growth

C. Loss or atrophy of bone mass that weakens skeletal tissue

D. Infection of bone tissue following direct or hematogenous spread

C. Loss or atrophy of bone mass that weakens skeletal tissue.

Which pathologic process most directly characterizes osteoarthritis?

A. Autoimmune inflammation primarily affecting synovial tissues

B. Gradual deterioration of articular cartilage with bone overgrowth

C. Hematogenous infection producing inflammation within bone tissue

D. Malignant cells spreading from a primary tumor into skeletal tissue

B. Gradual deterioration of articular cartilage with bone overgrowth.

Which statement best describes rheumatoid arthritis?

A. A degenerative process caused primarily by mechanical cartilage wear

B. A localized infection involving the cortical and cancellous bone

C. An inflammatory disease that primarily affects synovial joints

D. A systemic loss of mineralized tissue associated with aging

C. An inflammatory disease that primarily affects synovial joints.

What is the underlying process involved in bursitis?

A. Inflammation of a fluid-filled bursa surrounding a joint

B. Degeneration of articular cartilage within a synovial joint

C. Infection spreading through the medullary cavity of bone

D. Loss of mineral density throughout the skeletal system

A. Inflammation of a fluid-filled bursa surrounding a joint.

Which process best describes bone metastasis?

A. Formation of a primary tumor within the bone marrow

B. Spread of malignant cells from another site into bone

C. Replacement of damaged cartilage with mineralized tissue

D. Development of inflammatory changes within a synovial bursa

B. Spread of malignant cells from another site into bone.

What is the minimum source-to-image distance (SID) specified for radiographic imaging of the fingers, thumb, and hand?

A. 36 inches

B. 40 inches

C. 44 inches

D. 48 inches

B. 40 inches.

Which preparation is most appropriate before radiographic imaging of the hand or wrist?

A. Remove only metallic objects directly over the phalanges

B. Remove jewelry and other artifacts within the area of interest

C. Remove clothing while retaining jewelry outside the wrist region

D. Remove only objects that interfere with the central ray

B. Remove jewelry and other artifacts within the area of interest.

Which combination provides appropriate patient identification on a completed radiograph?

A. Patient ID and exposure indicator

B. Correct side marker and patient ID

C. Correct side marker and anatomical landmark

D. Patient name and central-ray location

B. Correct side marker and patient ID.

Which positioning principle is used to minimize distortion when placing a hand or wrist for radiography?

A. Align the short axis of the body part with the long axis of the IR

B. Position the body part diagonally across the IR when possible

C. Align the long axis of the body part with the long axis of the IR

D. Center the body part perpendicular to the long axis of the IR

C. Align the long axis of the body part with the long axis of the IR.

What is the routine radiographic series for the fingers?

A. PA/AP, oblique, and lateral

B. PA/AP and mediolateral

C. Double lateral and tangential

D. AP, lateral, and tangential

A. PA/AP, oblique, and lateral

For a PA projection of digits 2-5, where should the central ray be directed to appropriately center the anatomy of interest?

A. Distal interphalangeal joint

B. Metacarpophalangeal joint

C. Proximal interphalangeal joint

D. Distal interphalangeal region

C. Proximal interphalangeal joint.

Which anatomy should be included on a properly positioned PA finger radiograph?

A. The entire finger with at least one-third of the MCP region

B. The entire hand with the distal radius and ulna

C. The phalanges with the entire metacarpal region

D. The digit from its distal tip through the wrist joint

A. The entire finger with at least one-third of the MCP region.

Which radiographic finding most strongly indicates appropriate positioning for a PA finger projection?

A. Closed IP spaces with symmetric soft-tissue overlap

B. Open IP and MCP spaces without rotation or overlap

C. Increased overlap of adjacent digits with open MCP spaces

D. Equal visualization of the radius, ulna, and phalanges

B. Open IP and MCP spaces without rotation or overlap.

What degree of rotation is required to obtain a standard oblique projection of a finger?

A. 30°

B. 45°

C. 60°

D. 90°

B. 45°.

Where should the central ray be directed for an oblique projection of digits 2-5?

A. Third MCP joint

B. Distal IP joint

C. Proximal IP joint

D. First MCP joint

C. Proximal IP joint.

Which combination best characterizes a true lateral projection of a finger?

A. The digit is obliqued with the nail partially visible

B. The digit and nail are in profile with open IP joints

C. The finger is rotated 45° with overlapping phalanges

D. The MCP joint is centered with the digit fully extended

B. The digit and nail are in profile with open IP joints.

What is the position of the hand and thumb for an AP thumb projection?

A. Keep the hand flat on the IR with the palm and thumb in contact

B. Externally rotate the hand with fingers flexed until the anterior surface of the thumb contacts the IR

C. Place the hand in a lateral position with the thumb resting directly on the IR

D. Internally rotate the hand with fingers extended until the posterior surface of the thumb contacts the IR

D. Internally rotate the hand with fingers extended until the posterior surface of the thumb contacts the IR

Where should the central ray be directed for an AP projection of the thumb?

A. First carpometacarpal joint

B. First interphalangeal joint

C. First metacarpophalangeal joint

D. Second metacarpophalangeal joint

C. First metacarpophalangeal joint.

Which structures must be ALSO included when imaging the thumb to adequately demonstrate the relevant anatomy?

A. Entire first metacarpal and trapezium

B. Entire second metacarpal and trapezoid

C. Distal phalanx and distal radius

D. Proximal phalanx and scaphoid

A. Entire first metacarpal and trapezium.

Under which circumstance may a PA thumb projection be substituted for the standard AP position?

A. When the patient cannot fully extend the thumb

B. When the patient cannot rotate and supinate the hand

C. When the first MCP joint cannot be palpated

D. When the patient cannot abduct the thumb from the hand

B. When the patient cannot rotate and supinate the hand.

How should the hand and thumb be positioned for a PA oblique thumb projection?

A. Keep the palm elevated above the IR with the thumb positioned in a true lateral position

B. Externally rotate the hand away from the body until the posterior surface of the thumb contacts the IR

C. Keep the hand flat against the IR with the thumb fully extended and the entire palm resting on the IR

D. Abduct the thumb slightly with the palmar surface of the hand against the IR, naturally placing the thumb in a 45° oblique position

D. Abduct the thumb slightly with the palmar surface of the hand against the IR, naturally placing the thumb in a 45° oblique position

How should the hand and thumb be positioned for a lateral thumb projection?

A. Keep the hand flat with fingers 2–5 slightly teepeed, then position the thumb in true lateral

B. Keep the hand flat with fingers 2–5 extended, then position the thumb in a PA position

C. Place the hand in a 45° oblique position with fingers 2–5 flexed toward the palm

D. Keep the palm elevated with fingers 2–5 extended and the thumb in a PA position

A. Keep the hand flat with fingers 2–5 slightly teepeed, then position the thumb in true lateral

Where should the central ray be directed for a PA projection of the hand?

A. Second MCP joint

B. First MCP joint

C. Third MCP joint

D. Third PIP joint

C. Third MCP joint.

What degree of rotation is used to produce a standard PA oblique projection of the hand?

A. 30°

B. 45°

C. 60°

D. 90°

B. 45°.

Where should the central ray be directed for a lateral projection of the hand?

A. First MCP joint

B. Third MCP joint

C. Second MCP joint

D. Second PIP joint

C. Second MCP joint.

Which term is commonly used to describe the lateral projection of the hand in which the fingers are separated in a fan-like arrangement?

A. Fan lateral

B. Norgaard lateral

C. Modified lateral

D. Ball-catcher lateral

A. Fan lateral

What is the primary clinical purpose of the Norgaard, or ball-catcher's, method?

A. To evaluate traumatic displacement of the wrist

B. To identify early changes associated with rheumatoid arthritis

C. To assess skeletal maturity of the developing hand

D. To demonstrate fractures of the distal phalanges

B. To identify early changes associated with rheumatoid arthritis.

Which hand and wrist are typically radiographed when assessing skeletal development for bone age?

A. The right hand and wrist

B. The dominant hand and wrist

C. The injured hand and wrist

D. The left hand and wrist

D. The left hand and wrist.

Name the proximal row of carpal bones, starting from the lateral side.

A. Lunate, scaphoid, pisiform, triquetrum

B. Triquetrum, pisiform, lunate, scaphoid

C. Pisiform, triquetrum, lunate, scaphoid

D. Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform

D. Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform

Name the distal row of carpal bones, starting from the lateral side.

A. Hamate, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium

B. Capitate, hamate, trapezium, trapezoid

C. Trapezoid, trapezium, hamate, capitate

D. Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

D. Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

What is the primary function of the carpal sulcus?
A. It serves as the articulation point between the radius and the scaphoid and lunate.
B. It provides a concave anterior passageway for major nerves and tendons.
C. It allows for slight sliding and gliding movements between carpal bones.
D. It forms the primary weight-bearing surface for the wrist joint.

B. It provides a concave anterior passageway for major nerves and tendons.

Which statement best describes the radiocarpal joint?
A. It is a plane joint that permits slight gliding between the carpal bones.
B. It is the articulation between the individual carpal bones of the wrist.
C. It is the joint where the radius articulates directly with the scaphoid and lunate.
D. It is the joint that includes the distal radioulnar joint and an articular disk.

C. It is the joint where the radius articulates directly with the scaphoid and lunate.

What is the classification of the radiocarpal joint?

A. Diarthrodial, synovial, and hinge joint

B. Synarthrodial, fibrous, and ellipsoidal (condyloid) joint

C. Amphiarthrodial, cartilaginous, and saddle joint

D. Diarthrodial, synovial, and ellipsoidal (condyloid) joint

D. Diarthrodial, synovial, and ellipsoidal (condyloid) joint

What is the role of the articular disk in the wrist?
A. It provides a concave passageway for tendons on the palmar surface.
B. It permits gliding movements between the individual carpal bones.
C. It is part of the total wrist articulation that includes the distal radioulnar joint.
D. It is the primary structure that articulates with the scaphoid and lunate.

C. It is part of the total wrist articulation that includes the distal radioulnar joint.

Which statement best describes the intercarpal joints?

A. Fibrous articulations between the carpal bones that permit no appreciable movement.

B. Synovial hinge joints between the carpals that allow flexion and extension.

C. Diarthrodial pivot joints between the carpals that allow rotation.

D. Diarthrodial synovial plane joints between carpals that permit slight gliding movement.

D. Diarthrodial synovial plane joints between carpals that permit slight gliding movement.

What occurs during ulnar deviation of the wrist?

A. The hand rotates toward the radius, which opens the ulnar side of the wrist.

B. The radius crosses over the ulna, resulting in a palm-down position.

C. The scaphoid is demonstrated by angling the hand toward the radius.

D. The hand rotates toward the ulna, which opens the radial side of the wrist.

D. The hand rotates toward the ulna, which opens the radial side of the wrist.

What is the primary effect of radial deviation on the wrist?
A. It opens the radial side of the wrist by rotating the hand toward the ulna.

B. It opens the radial side of the wrist by rotating the hand toward the humerus.

C. It demonstrates the scaphoid by rotating the hand toward the ulna.

D. It visualizes the ulnar-side carpals by rotating the hand toward the radius.

D. It visualizes the ulnar-side carpals by rotating the hand toward the radius.

What is the functional significance of fat pads in the wrist?
A. They serve as the primary articulation point between the radius and carpal bones.
B. They provide a passageway for the median nerve through the carpal canal.
C. Their displacement can indicate the presence of disease or injury.
D. They allow for gliding movements between the intercarpal joints.

C. Their displacement can indicate the presence of disease or injury.

Which statement best describes the radius?
A. It is the medial forearm bone that is longer than the ulna.
B. It is the lateral forearm bone that rotates around the ulna during pronation.
C. It is the distal forearm bone that forms the primary elbow joint.
D. It is the bone that articulates with the trochlea of the humerus.

B. It is the lateral forearm bone that rotates around the ulna during pronation.

What is the primary characteristic of the ulna?
A. It is the lateral forearm bone that rotates during pronation.
B. It is the shorter of the two forearm bones and is on the thumb side.
C. It is the medial forearm bone and is longer than the radius.
D. It is the bone that primarily articulates with the scaphoid and lunate.

C. It is the medial forearm bone and is longer than the radius.

What are the styloid processes?
A. Notches on the radius and ulna that form the radioulnar joints.
B. Distal projections of the radius and ulna.
C. Oval-shaped processes on the proximal radius.
D. Large depressions that receive the distal humerus.

B. Distal projections of the radius and ulna.

Which statement best describes the ulnar notch?
A. A notch on the lateral ulna where the radial head articulates.
B. A large depression on the ulna that receives the distal humerus.
C. A notch on the medial radius where the head of the ulna sits.
D. A distal projection of the ulna that is easily palpable.

C. A notch on the medial radius where the head of the ulna sits.

What is the radial notch?
A. A notch on the medial radius where the head of the ulna sits.
B. A notch on the lateral ulna where the radial head articulates.
C. A large depression on the ulna that receives the distal humerus.
D. A projection on the radius that articulates with the scaphoid.

B. A notch on the lateral ulna where the radial head articulates.

What are the radial and ulnar bodies?
A. The distal projections that form the wrist joint.
B. The long midportions of the radius and ulna.
C. The proximal ends that form the elbow joint.
D. The notches that allow for pronation and supination.

B. The long midportions of the radius and ulna.

Which statement best describes the head of the ulna?

A. It is the rounded proximal end of the ulna near the elbow.

B. It is a tapered area immediately below the radial head.

C. It is an oval-shaped process on the medial radius.

D. It is the rounded distal end of the ulna that articulates at the wrist.

D. It is the rounded distal end of the ulna that articulates at the wrist.

What is the head of the radius?

A. The distal aspect of the radius that articulates with the scaphoid.

B. A tapered area immediately below the radial tuberosity.

C. An oval-shaped process on the medial ulna.

D. A round, disk-like proximal end near the elbow.

D. A round, disk-like proximal end near the elbow.

What is the radial tuberosity?

A. A tapered area immediately below the radial head.

B. A round, disk-like proximal end of the radius.

C. A notch on the lateral ulna where the radial head articulates.

D. An oval-shaped process on the medial/anterior radius.

D. An oval-shaped process on the medial/anterior radius.

Which statement best describes the olecranon process?

A. An anterior bony projection of the ulna that wraps around the front of the humerus.

B. A posterior bony projection of the ulna that wraps posteriorly behind the humerus.

C. A large bony depression of the ulna that receives the distal end of the humerus.

D. A medial bony projection of the ulna that serves as an attachment site for muscles.

B. A posterior bony projection of the ulna that wraps posteriorly behind the humerus.

What is the coronoid process?
A. A posterior projection of the ulna that is easily palpable.
B. A large depression that receives the distal humerus.
C. An anterior projection of the ulna that wraps around the humerus.
D. A medial tubercle on the ulna for muscle attachment.

C. An anterior projection of the ulna that wraps around the humerus.

Which statement best describes the coronoid tubercle?
A. A posterior projection of the ulna that is easily palpable.
B. An anterior projection of the ulna that wraps around the humerus.
C. A medial aspect of the ulna that serves as a muscle attachment.
D. A large depression that receives the distal humerus.

C. A medial aspect of the ulna that serves as a muscle attachment.

What is the trochlear notch?
A. A small depression on the radius that articulates with the capitulum.
B. A large depression of the ulna that receives the distal humerus.
C. A notch on the medial radius where the head of the ulna sits.
D. A projection on the humerus that articulates with the radial head.

B. A large depression of the ulna that receives the distal humerus.

What structures make up the three concentric circles that demonstrate a true lateral elbow radiograph?

A. Capitulum/trochlea of the humerus, capitulum itself, and trochlear notch

B. Olecranon, radial head, and trochlea

C. Coronoid process, capitulum, and capitulum/trochlea of the humerus

D. Trochlear sulcus, capitulum/trochlea of the humerus, and trochlear notch of the ulna

D. Trochlear sulcus, capitulum/trochlea of the humerus, and trochlear notch of the ulna

What type of joint is the elbow?
A. A pivot joint that allows for rotational movement.
B. A plane joint that permits slight gliding movements.
C. A ginglymus or hinge joint that allows flexion and extension.
D. An ellipsoidal joint that allows circumduction.

C. A ginglymus or hinge joint that allows flexion and extension.

When the forearm is pronated, what happens to the radius and what type of joint action occurs?

A. The radius moves beside the ulna through hinge joint action.

B. The radius moves away from the ulna through gliding joint action.

C. The radius rotates around the ulna through saddle joint action.

D. The radius rotates and crosses over the ulna through pivot joint action.

D. The radius rotates and crosses over the ulna through pivot joint action.

Which statement best describes supination?

A. The radius crosses over the ulna, resulting in a palm-down position.

B. The hand rotates toward the radius, opening the ulnar side of the wrist.

C. The ulna rotates around the radius, resulting in a palm-down position.

D. The radius and ulna remain parallel and uncrossed, with the palm facing anteriorly.

D. The radius and ulna remain parallel and uncrossed, with the palm facing anteriorly.

What are the routine projections for the wrist and forearm?

A. Wrist: AP, oblique, and lateral; Forearm: PA and lateral

B. Wrist: PA and lateral; Forearm: AP and oblique

C. Wrist: AP and oblique; Forearm: PA and lateral

D. Wrist: PA, oblique, and lateral; Forearm: AP and lateral

D. Wrist: PA, oblique, and lateral; Forearm: AP and lateral.

What is the standard SID for a wrist radiograph?

A. 40 inches

B. 36 inches

C. 44 inches

D. 48 inches

A. 40 inches.

Where is the central ray directed for a routine wrist radiograph?

A. Perpendicular to the IR, entering at the midcarpal area of the wrist.

B. Perpendicular to the IR, entering at the radial styloid process.

C. Perpendicular to the IR, entering at the distal radioulnar joint.

D. Perpendicular to the IR, entering at the base of the third metacarpal.

A. Perpendicular to the IR, entering at the midcarpal area of the wrist

What is the collimation for all wrist projections?

A. 2 inches around the wrist and 1 inch proximal and distal with all pediatric patients

B. Approximately 1 inch around the wrist and 1.5 inches proximal and distal towards the humerus

C. 1 inch around the outer sides of the wrist and 2.5 inches proximal and distal to the wrist joint

D. 2.5 inches around the wrist and 1 inch proximal and distal

C. 1 inch around the outer sides of the wrist and 2.5 inches proximal and distal to the wrist joint

Which statement best describes a PA projection of the wrist?
A. A projection with the wrist rotated 45° from the PA position.
B. A posteroanterior projection with hand pronated
C. A true lateral position with the fingers extended.
D. A projection that demonstrates the scaphoid by ulnar deviation.

B. A posteroanterior projection with hand pronated

What should be demonstrated on a properly positioned PA wrist radiograph?

A. Distal humerus, proximal radius, and ulna

B. Entire metacarpals, phalanges, and distal humerus

C. Distal radius/ulna, carpals, and proximal half of metacarpals

D. Proximal radius/ulna, metacarpals, and distal phalanges

C. Distal radius/ulna, carpals, and proximal half of metacarpals

What is an oblique projection of the wrist?
A. A posteroanterior projection.
B. A true lateral position with the fingers extended.
C. A projection with the wrist rotated 45° from the PA position.
D. A projection that demonstrates the carpal canal.

C. A projection with the wrist rotated 45° from the PA position.

What should be demonstrated on a properly positioned oblique wrist radiograph?

A. Slight separation of the metacarpals, moderate overlap of the distal radius and ulna, and partial superimposition of the lateral carpals

B. Minimal separation of the metacarpals, complete overlap of the distal radius and ulna, and superimposition of the trapezium and scaphoid

C. Slight space between the 3rd–5th metacarpals, slight overlap of the distal radius and ulna, lateral carpals demonstrated, and trapezium/distal scaphoid without superimposition

D. Complete separation of all of the metacarpals, slight overlap of the distal radius and ulna, and superimposition of the trapezium with the distal scaphoid and styloid process

C. Slight space between the 3rd–5th metacarpals, slight overlap of the distal radius and ulna, lateral carpals demonstrated, and trapezium/distal scaphoid without superimposition.

Which statement best describes a lateral projection of the wrist?
A. A projection with the wrist rotated 45° from the PA position.
B. A true lateral wrist position with fingers extended.
C. A posteroanterior projection to demonstrate the scaphoid.
D. A special projection demonstrating the carpal canal.

B. A true lateral wrist position with fingers extended.

What should be demonstrated on a properly positioned lateral wrist radiograph?

A. Superimposed distal radius and ulna, with superimposed metacarpals

B. Slightly separated distal radius and ulna, with partially separated metacarpals

C. Rotated distal radius and ulna, with separated metacarpals

D. Separated distal radius and ulna, with no metacarpal overlap

A. Superimposed distal radius and ulna, with superimposed metacarpals

What is the purpose of a PA axial ulnar deviation projection?

A. To visualize the ulnar-side carpals by deviating toward the radius.

B. To demonstrate the scaphoid by deviating the hand toward the ulna.

C. To demonstrate the carpal canal using a tangential approach.

D. To provide a true lateral view of the wrist with fingers extended.

B. To demonstrate the scaphoid by deviating the hand toward the ulna.

What is the correct CR for an ulnar deviation wrist projection?

A. 10–15° distally, toward the hand, centered on the scaphoid

B. 15–20° proximally, toward the shoulder, centered on the wrist joint

C. 10–15° perpendicularly, centered on the radial styloid

D. 10–15° proximally, toward the forearm/elbow, centered on the scaphoid

D. 10–15° proximally, toward the forearm/elbow, centered on the scaphoid

Which statement best describes PA radial deviation?

A. It demonstrates the scaphoid by deviating the hand toward the ulna.

B. It visualizes the ulnar-side carpals by deviating the hand toward the radius.

C. It provides a true lateral view with the fingers extended.

D. It demonstrates the carpal canal using a tangential approach.

B. It visualizes the ulnar-side carpals by deviating the hand toward the radius.

If you want 0° tube angulation for the Stecher method, what should you do?

A. Keep the wrist neutral and angle the tube 20° proximally
B. Radially deviate the wrist and elevate the forearm
C. Ulnarly deviate the wrist and keep the fingers flat
D. Ulnarly deviate the wrist and steeple the fingers upward

D. Ulnarly deviate the wrist and steeple the fingers upward

Where is the CR centered for the Stecher method?

A. Scaphoid

B. Radial styloid

C. Midcarpal region

D. Ulnar styloid

A. Scaphoid

Which statement best describes the tangential carpal tunnel/Gaynor-Hart method?
A. A projection that demonstrates the scaphoid by ulnar deviation.
B. A projection that visualizes the ulnar-side carpals.
C. A special projection demonstrating the carpal canal.
D. A projection that provides a true lateral view of the wrist.

C. A special projection demonstrating the carpal canal.

What are the CR location and SID for routine forearm projections?

A. CR at the elbow; SID of 40 inches

B. CR at the wrist; SID of 44 inches

C. CR at the midforearm; SID of 40 inches

D. CR at the midforearm; SID of 36 inches

C. CR at the midforearm; SID of 40 inches