Englightenment and Revolutions

John Locke

Mainly targeted monarch government and divine right (law of politics)

Adam Smith

What happens in the marketplace is determined by supply and demand

Baron de Montesquieu

Seemed political liberty while being prosperous and stable

France philosophes

Advanced the cause of reason

Voltaire

He wrote against the France monarchy and the Roman Catholic Church for oppression and intolerant human suffering

Deism

Deists believed in a god but not the supernatural teachings of Christianity, they believed that a God created the universe. But afterwards, it had no intention to intervene.

Jean Jacques Rousseu

Created the social contract

The American Revolution

Primary causes: Enlightenment ideas, wanting more freedom, wanting to break away from British rule and wanted a new government

Declaration of Independence

The Constitution

The French Revolution

Initial form of government: estates general

Storming of Bastille

Reign of Terror

Napoleon rule

National Assembly

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

The Haitian Revolution

Enslaved population powered

Toussaint L’Ouveerture

Saint-Domingue

Son of slaves

Latin American Wars of Independence

Creole

Decline of colonialism in the Americas → break away from British rule

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

Father/starter of Mexican Independence

Simon Bolivar

Led the independence movement

Jose de San Martin

fighter for independence alongside bolivar

Conservatism

didn’t favor change

Liberalism

wanted change

William Wilberforce

Leading spokesperson for the antislavery movement

Mary Vollstonecraft

agrued that women were born with the same rights that Locke has granted for men

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

prominent figure for the movement of women’s rights as well as the abolition of slavery

Giuseppe Mazzini

Young Italy

1st

Theodor Herzl

believed that anti-semitism was a constant feature in human society that can’t be solved easily

Zionism

Fight against anti-semitism and for jews

Klemens von Metternich

Led the Congress of vienna

Camillo di Cavour

nationalist advocate of independence

earlier in the alphabet

Giuseppe Garibaldi

led the unification movement

later in the alphabet

Otto von Bismarck

provoked three wars to unify germany