CLEP court cases

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Judicial review — The Supreme Court can declare a law unconstitutional.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Implied powers and federal supremacy — Congress has implied powers, and states cannot interfere with valid federal actions.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Equal Protection — Racial segregation in public schools violates the 14th Amendment.

Baker v. Carr (1962)

Reapportionment — Federal courts can hear cases about unfair legislative districting.

Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

Exclusionary rule — Evidence obtained illegally generally cannot be used in state criminal trials.

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

Right to counsel — Poor defendants accused of serious crimes have the right to a lawyer.

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Rights of the accused — Police must tell people in custody about their right to remain silent and their right to an attorney.

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

Establishment Clause — Government-sponsored prayer in public schools violates the First Amendment.

Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)

Student speech — Students have First Amendment speech rights at school unless their speech substantially disrupts school activities.

United States v. Lopez (1995)

Commerce Clause — Congress’s power over interstate commerce has limits; the federal government cannot regulate everything connected to commerce.