Unit 2 APUSH Active Recall

Talk about French colonization/exploration in the New World.

Jacques Cartier is first to east coast of Canada, then Samuel Champlain starts what is now Quebec. Marquette and Joliet explore WI, IA, IL.

Few French actually come to New France because of the harsh, cold winters, and Paris didn’t support New France. French law forbade Huguenots (Protestants/Calvinists) from going to New France, so most French in New World are Catholics.

French didn’t force Catholicism on Natives. Fur traders (coureur de bois) dominate French colonies.

Talk about Dutch colonization/exploration & the Dutch West India Company in the New World.

Dutch excelled in finance/commercial/insurance throughout Europe. Dutch owned merchant ships and were very aggressive traders due to the small size of their country. The Dutch West India Company which was state sponsored and given sole rights to operate merchant ships and forts in New Netherlands sells slaves from Africa

Talk about Henry Hudson & New Netherlands.

Henry Hudson- English explorer who sails for the Dutch; through the Hudson River in NYC & sets up unsuccessful trading ports.

Dutch establish capital (military/trading port) “Fort Orange”, then est 1623 “New Amsterdam”. Dutch are forceful dealing w Natives & make lots of enemies. Eventually they pay Natives for their land and buy what is now Manhattan Island.

English Puritans begin to settle in New Amsterdam but they began to talk of rebellion when Gov Peter Stuyvesant ignores their call for a representative govt

Talk about push and pull factors of English colonies in the New World.

PUSH:

1. 1. Enclosure Acts of 1604- fencing of open lands for raising sheep rather than free use by peasants for gardens & livestock = more peasants are landless/in poverty = look to New World

2. 2. Population boom of 1550s = decline in wages = look to New World to escape poverty

3. 3. Enforcement of vagrancy laws- homeless people kicked off landowners’ land

4. 4. escape jail terms

PULL: religious freedom & landowning opportunity

Talk about the importance of the English defeat of the Spanish Armada.

1588- England defeats the Spanish Armada (Navy) sent by Spain to invade England. This English victory = English can focus on exploration and colonization instead of defense

What were the different types of colonies?

Charter (Jamestown and Plymouth) controlled by religious group or joint-stock company

Royal (VA which was Jamestown after 1624) controlled by royal governor appointed by King

Proprietary (MD & PA) controlled by one/several “proprietors”- people granted charters of colony ownership by King

Talk about Jamestown.

1607 Charter colony sponsored by VA Company- no women came over initially.

Early challenges: swampy areas = mosquito-borne diseases, bad water supply, men often focused on selfish goals instead of working for benefit of colony, famine, encounters with Powhatan Natives

1608 women arrive in J-town, John Smith (don’t work don’t eat) takes rule of colony

1609-10 winter = The Starving Time, many die and evidence of cannibalism is found

Talk about the cultivation of tobacco in Jamestown and the use of indentured servants.

John Rolfe plants tobacco in Jamestown which grows well in VA soil = more jobs for people who haven’t previously worked; King James II accepts tobacco cultivation when he starts to receive duties (taxes) from imports.

Large # of indentured servants enter VA to work the tobacco fields- they agreed to work 7 years in exchange for land and farming tools, but they do not end up getting these things. Treated like property/could be beaten

Talk about Jamestown between 1619-22 & the transformation of political systems.

Headright system begins- 50 acres land offered to anyone paying their way to America or who paid for indentured servant to come over- this attracted 3570 people to VA 1619-22

Population dips by end of 1622 because of malnutrition, mosquito-borne diseases, contaminated water

Good Friday (3/22/1622) Powhatan Indians kill 342

6:1 ratio Men to Women

1619- formation of House of Burgesses- only white male landowners over 21 can participate

Talk about the early use of African slaves

1619- first Africans brought to Jtown as indentured servants but they become chattel slaves (highly mistreated property of these colonists, can be bought, sold, forced to work)

1650- only about 400 African slaves left in Virginia (after Jamestown became royal colony VA in 1624), late 1600s House of Burgesses passes law saying African slaves & their offspring were lifelong slaves/property but not White indentured servants

Talk about the transformation of Jamestown into a royal colony

Powhatan Revolt of 1622 = Jamestown → royal colony “VIRGINIA”

Kept House of Burgesses, appoint royal governor, colonists now have to pay taxes to Anglican church

Talk about Bacon’s Rebellion & lasting problems it left on VA

1676 Nathaniel Bacon (impoverished farmer) upset at royal Gov William Berkley of VA because Berkeley favors his friends, gives them land and power and ignores the suffering, working class, he also forbade encroachment onto Native land

Bacon and his volunteer militia raid Indian villages on the VA frontier- Bacon is arrested by Berkeley = Bacon’s men are angry and BURN Jamestown- Bacon eventually dies of dysentery

Shows sharp class differences between wealthy planters and poor/landless; uprising by poor/landless shows colonial resistance to royal control

Talk about Plymouth

1620- Separatists aka Pilgrims (wanted to separate from Anglican Church)- separation = persecution and flee to Holland/Netherlands/Dutch in 1608 for 12 years.

Group of 102 Separatists (families) recieve charter called the Mayflower Compact to settle SE of Hudson River (aka MA), led by William Bradford who becomes longtime Governor of colony.

½ of people die of disease within first few months; have to rely on Natives for 1st year to survive. No malaria. Eventual merge with Mass Bay in 1691

Talk about Mass Bay & Anne Hutchinson

1630- Puritans who want to purify Anglican Church- look to move to America for religious freedom- settle Mass Bay colony following strict religious/moral code always doing good works to see their fate in Heaven or Hell

1630- Winthrop leads 1000 Puritans to new Colony & is elected Gov- holds position for 20 years- envisioned CITY UPON A HILL emphasizing God, church, community and political participation following orders of church elders- women play submissive, supporting role

Governed by General Court; slaves used; Mass Bay gives rise to RI, NH, CT, and New Haven which is annexed by CT

Land div among church members; village lots, land amount depended on status and seniority, common fields cultivated by everyone

1637- Anne Hutchinson kicked out for preaching ANTINOMIANISM (people saved by their own faith not by Puritan church)- she held meetings and criticized colony ministers- she believed that one could know God’s will directly- she was tried by Winthrop, found guilty, and banished

Talk about the Salem Witch Trials

1692-93- almost all in Western world believe that one could make a deal w the Devil & could curse others with Devil’s help

Girls steal a book by Cotton Mather and as a prank accuse a mixed-race girl of being a witch- she gets flogged and falsely confesses that two very well-respected women in the town were with her performing witchcraft; kids kept accusing bc they didn’t want to admit it was a prank

People accused others and fabricated stories of broomstick rides, s ex with the Devil, etc. to save themselves- 14 women 5 men hanged Sum/Fall 1692- October the trials end

Talk about Maryland

1634- Lord Baltimore- publicly declared his Catholicism- King grants him charter to go to a safe haven for English Catholics but Protestants eventually outnumber

Act of Toleration- grants toleration to those worshipping divine Christ- atheists and Jews can be arrested

Tobacco grown by ordinary planters, indentured servants used, farmers were not rich here

Protestant Revolt- late 1600s civil war with Catholics- Catholics lose and lose voting rights

Talk about RI

Roger Williams 1636 Puritan minister who wants sep of Church and State- banned from Mass Bay and founds village of Providence → becomes RI- settlers pay natives for land. RI is very religiously tolerant

Talk about CT, New Haven, NH

1636 People move south into CT River Valley and start Hartford- they create society like Bay; Thomas Hooker- founder, prominent minister; 1639- Fundamental Orders of CT (1st written constitution)

New Haven never prospered and absorbed eventually into CT

NH 1679- Charles II separates NH from Bay Colony- NH is now royal colony

Talk about NY and the Duke of York

Charles II gives his brother James (duke of york) lands between CT river and DE river- he takes small Navy into New Amsterdam and kicks out Dutch

NY was very diverse but divided: wealthy English landlords, wealthy Dutch landowners, fur traders aligned with the Iroquois- agricultural economy based on breadmaking and iron products

Talk about NJ

Duke of York gives his friends Lord John Berkeley and Sir Carteret all of NY and they divide it into two parts (East and West)- they eventually sell interests off to Quakers

No deep water port here so not notoriety like NY- 1702 Crown combined the two into one royal colony New Jersey

Talk about PA

Initially settled by Quakers who were widely persecuted in England- they were non violent, refused military service, belief in equality of men and women

William Penn paid by King in land for debts- he creates PA- refuge for Quakers and other persecuted, colony with liberal govt ideas- freedom of worship, $ to NA and peaceful with them

PA governer also governs Delaware

Talk about Carolina

SC and NC were once one land given to 8 noble proprietors- religious freedom to all Christians. Failed at first but Anthony Ashley Cooper continues- most successful settlement is Charles Town (Charleston). Rice in SC is money maker. 1690- split into two:

NC:: farmers in VA and New Eng establish small tobacco farms, NC no access by sea, NC doesnt rely on African slave labor but SC has more

SC:: economy initally on fur trade and providing food to Barbados (most important trading partner of SC) but Barbados overpopulates = emigration into SC

Settlers in SC use African slave labor from Barbados for their rice plantations

Talk about Georgia

Est by King George II

James Oglethorpe parliament member and military hero wants to protect Carolinas from Spanish Floridian invasion; common men and women and English debtors (who could go to jail) can come to Georgia

Initially proprietary w/ Oglethorpe as govnr but becomes royal later

Savannah- 1st settlement w deep water port

No rum, no Africans, no Catholics - eventually all rules are softened (rum and slavery allowed)

Smallest population and poorest of colonies