Cell Cycle + Mitosis M2C

cells at rest, not dividing

G0

cell increases in size, synthesis of RNA and proteins

G1

DNA synthesis replicates the genetic material, ea ch now consists of 2 sister chromatids

S

more growth, some DNA repair, metabolic changes assemble cytoplasmic materials for mitosis and cytokinesis

G2

mitosis (nuclear division) followed by cytokinesis (cell division)

M

promote cell growth by signaling growth factors, TFs, signal transduction, and apoptosis inhibition

proto-oncogenes

prevent uncontrolled cell growth through restricting division, repairing DNA errors, and activating apoptosis

tumor suppressor genes

proteins in cell cycle regulation

• cyclins (one for ea phase)

• CDKs

• p53

each cell division accumulates a little over 1 _______.

new mutation

our cells are oftentimes not ______

100% identical

presence of 2 or more cell lineages with different genotypes arising from a single zygote

mosaicism

the _____ in development a mutation occurs, the greater percentage of the body that will be affected.

earlier

mosaicism can be due to:

mutation (during DNA replication) or aneuploidy (during cell division)

DNA starts to condense, form mitotic spindle

prophase

nuclear membrane dissolved, chs disperse and attach to microtubules

prometaphase

chs line up in middle

metaphase

chs pull away @ centromere, sister chromatids split and move to opposite end

anaphase

cell cleaves

telophase

cells split

cytokinesis

cell in G2, has fully replicated genome

interphase

genetic balance is maintained by the proper segregation of chs where the daughter cells get ____ copy of ea homolog of ea ch.

one

You have a copy of Chromosome 1 from your dad and one from your mom, together these are your:

homologous chromosomes

identical chromosomes due to DNA replication:

sister chromatids

nl entire set of chs for an organism

euploid

having 2 sets of every ch

diploid

having 1 set of every ch

haploid

having more than 2 sets of ea ch

polyploid

any cell count that is other than a complete multiple of n

aneuploidy

cell cycle goes awry:

cancer

• evading growth suppressors

• avoiding immune destruction

• resisting cell death

• sustaining proliferative signaling

hallmarks of cancer

all cancer is:

genetic

some people are born with a mutation in a _____ or _____, putting them closer to reaching the mutation threshold for cancer

tumor-suppressor gene or proto-oncogene

cancer occurs when the cell cycle is unregulated causing:

• genomic instability

• evading growth suppressors

• resisting cell death

• sustaining proliferative signaling

2 identical copies of one ch produced during DNA replication

sister chromatids