Fall 2026 Shoulder Complex Practicum Student Study Guide

Vocabulary flashcards covering Glenohumeral (GH) joint motions, ranges of motion, scapular movements, goniometer placement, and prime muscle movers.

GH Joint Flexion

Glenohumeral joint motion with $0-180^\text{o}$ available ROM, associated with scapular abduction/protraction, upward rotation, and slight elevation, driven by the anterior deltoid.

GH Joint Flexion Goniometric Alignment

Axis: lateral surface of the acromion process; Moving Arm (MA): midline of humerus; Stable Arm (SA): mid axilla/thorax.

GH Joint Hyperextension

Glenohumeral joint motion with $0-50^\text{o}$ available ROM, associated with scapular depression and adduction/retraction, driven by latissimus dorsi, posterior deltoid, and teres major.

GH Joint Hyperextension Goniometric Alignment

Axis: lateral surface of the acromion process; Moving Arm (MA): midline humerus; Stable Arm (SA): mid axilla/thorax.

GH Joint Abduction

Glenohumeral joint motion with $0-180^\text{o}$ available ROM, associated with scapular elevation and upward rotation, driven by middle deltoid and supraspinatus.

GH Joint Abduction Goniometric Alignment

Axis: anterior surface of acromion process; Moving Arm (MA): medial aspect of humerus; Stable Arm (SA): parallel to spine.

GH Joint Adduction

Glenohumeral joint motion with $180-0^\text{o}$ available ROM, associated with scapular depression, downward rotation, and adduction/retraction, driven by pectoralis major, teres major, and latissimus dorsi.

GH Joint Adduction Goniometric Alignment

Axis: anterior surface of acromion process; Moving Arm (MA): medial aspect of humerus; Stable Arm (SA): parallel to spine.

GH Joint Internal Rotation

Glenohumeral joint motion with $0-90^\text{o}$ available ROM, associated with scapular abduction/protraction, driven by subscapularis.

GH Joint Internal Rotation Goniometric Alignment

Axis: middle of the olecranon process; Moving Arm (MA): parallel to midline of ulna; Stable Arm (SA): maintains parallel to forearm at start position.

GH Joint External Rotation

Glenohumeral joint motion with $0-90^\text{o}$ available ROM, associated with scapular adduction/retraction, driven by infraspinatus and teres minor.

GH Joint External Rotation Goniometric Alignment

Axis: middle of olecranon process; Moving Arm (MA): parallel to midline of ulna; Stable Arm (SA): parallel to forearm at start position.

GH Joint Horizontal Abduction

Glenohumeral joint motion with $0-45^\text{o}$ available ROM, associated with scapular adduction/retraction, driven by posterior deltoid.

GH Joint Horizontal Abduction Goniometric Alignment

Axis: superior aspect of the acromion process; Moving Arm (MA): remains parallel to humerus position during motion; Stable Arm (SA): remains parallel to humerus position at start.