a&p exam block 1

integumentary system

body's outer layer, first line of defense against bacteria - skin, hair, nails, and glands

dense connective

closely packed fibers that take up more space than ground substances and cells; can be regular and irregular

dense connective (2)

fluid connective

characterized by a liquid extracellular matrix; blood or lymph

supporting connective

form vital connections that link and support body systems to work together; holds the body together; hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage, bone

simple squamous epithelium

simple cuboidal epithelium

simple cuboidal epithelium (2)

simple columnar epithelium

simple columnar epithelium (2)

stratified squamous epithelium

stratified squamous epithelium (2)

transitional epithelium

transitional epithelium (2)

pseudostratified epithelium

connective areolar

connective areolar (2)

connective adipose

connective irregular

blood

connective hyaline

connective elastic

connective fibrocartilage

bone

bone (2)

skeletal muscle

smooth muscle

cardiac muscle

neuron

fibrous connective

elastic, collagen, and reticular fibers; divided into loose and dense

skeletal system

gives our bodies structure and protects major organs, allows motion, and produces blood cells. made of bones, muscles, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, and joints

nervous sytem

controls and coordinates your body's activities and helps you think, move, and feel - even things you don't think of. main parts are brain, spinal cord, and nerves

endocrine system

consists of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream, which coordinate different functions in the body. includes pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, and other glands

digestive system

group of organs that breaks down and absorbs nutrients, as well as takes care of food waste. contains the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, gallbladder, liver, and pancreas

lymphatic system

group of organs, vessels and tissues that protect you from infection and keep a healthy balance of fluids throughout your body. includes bone marrow, thymus, and lymph nodes

immune system

a complex response system that protects the body from bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances. includes white blood cells, antibodies, cytokines, etc

respiratory system

system responsible for taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide using the lungs

cardiovascular system

blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. the heart pumps blood

reproductive system

reproduce offspring- produce male sex cells (sperm) and female sex cells (oocytes)

urinary system

filters blood, removing waste and excess water. kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

anatomical position

erect, feet forward, arms at side with palms facing forward, head facing forward

prone position

lying on abdomen, facing downward

supine position

lying on back, facing upward

plane

divisions that help describe the location of places on the body

section

a slice through the body made along a specific plane

viscera

internal organs

ocular lens

lens that you look through, standard magnification of 10x

objective lens

lens positioned immediately above the specimen

total magnification

ocular lens x objective lens

coarse focus

knob that allows you to make major focusing adjustments (large knob)

fine focus

knob that allows you to make fine focusing adjustments (small knob)

iris diaphragm

controls the intensity of light

stage

supports the slide being viewed

slide holder

a spring-loaded arm that holds the slide in place on the stage

slide holder claw

metal clips that hold the slide in place

"X" and "Y" travel knobs

move the slide in vertical and horizontal directions

brightness control knob

increases and decreases intensity of light from the lamp.

histology

study of tissues

epithelial tissue

cover or line body surfaces

cilia

hairlike projections at the apical surface

microvilli

projections that increase the cell's surface area

goblet cells

secrete substances onto apical surface

simple epithelia

single layer of cells

squamous

flat cells

cuboidal

cube shaped cells

columnar

column shaped cells

simple squamous epithelium

single layer of flattened cells

simple cuboidal epithelium

single layer of cube shaped cells

simple columnar epithelium

single layer of column shaped cells

lumen

central, hollow space

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

epidermis of skin

non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

parts of the skin that must be kept moist

stratified squamous epithelium

protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion

stratified columnar epithelium (2)

tissue that consists of two or more layers of column-like cells, contains glands and is found in some ducts

transitional epithelium

multilayered stratified epithelium that changes shape in response to stretching; found in urinary tract

pseudostratified epithelium

tissue with cells that appear to be in layers, but are not

matrix

the material or tissue in between cells and provides scaffolding

areolar connective

between organs and tissues; superficial fascia; supports connection

collagen fibers

provides flexibility and strength; most visible type; found in skin, ligaments, and tendons

elastic fibers

composed of elastin; flexible and allows tissues to return to original shape; found in skin and walls of blood vessels

reticular connective

composed of collagen, form framework around nerve fibers, fat cells, lymph nodes, and smooth and skeletal muscle fibers

white adipose

energy storage, made up of fat

brown adipose

produces heat; nutrient consumer, made up of fat

adipocytes

fat cells, contain vacuoles for storage of lipids and oils

vacuole

a sac inside a cell that acts as a storage area

dense regular connective

able to withstand tension exerted in one direction; consists of collagen and matrix lined up neatly; tendons and ligaments

dense irregular connective

able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength, has random interwoven collagen fibers; found in deeper skin layers, parts of the digestive track

elastic tissue

tissue containing the protein elastin, which is able to stretch and recoil

collagen tissue

support, flexibility, resist stretching; found in tendons, ligaments, dermis, matrix of cartilage and bone

erythrocytes

red blood cells, carry oxygen

leukocytes

white blood cells, fight infection

platelets

blood clotting

chondroblasts

cells that produce cartilage matrix

chondrocytes

mature cartilage cells

lacunae

small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes

perichondrium

membrane that covers cartilage

hyaline cartilage

most common type of cartilage; it is found on the ends of long bones, ribs, and nose

epiphyseal plates

allow for growth of long bone during childhood

elastic cartilage

cartilage with abundant elastic fibers; more flexible than hyaline cartilage

fibrocartilage (2)

cartilage that contains fibrous bundles of collagen, such as that of the intervertebral disks in the spinal cord.